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Exam 3
Personality
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gazzaniga, Heatherton, & Halpern definition of personality | “The characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances.” |
| Book's definition of personality | “Personality refers to important, relatively stable characteristics within the individual that account for consistent patterns of behavior.” |
| Phineas Gage | Foreman who had an iron rod go through his skull (1848) b. Survived and could even talk after. After accident, no visible signs of impairment to cognitive functioning, But, his personality changed. Demonstrated that brain gave rise to personality. |
| Phineas Gage personality | Frontal lobes involved in planning, conscientiousness, and appropriateness ii. Later work showed that damage was restricted to left frontal lobe |
| Personality theories | Psychodynamic—unconscious and dynamic processes |
| Freud | His underlying assumption was that unconscious forces such as wishes and motives influence behavior |
| Id | pleasure principle apparent from birth |
| Ego | reality principle, acquired through contact with reality |
| Superego | morality principle, learned from caregivers |
| Personality and temperament | a. We are born with temperaments (social, happy, etc.) that are biologically based and enduring b. Differences in temperament apparent in early childhood. It may be meaningfully linked with the functional style of adult interpersonal behavior |
| 5 types of temperament identified at age 3 | Well-adjusted, Reserved, Confident, Under-controlled, Inhibited |
| Well-adjusted | affectively pleasant, sociable, demonstrated age-appropriate levels of self-control, self-confidence, and task persistence |
| Reserved | more socially reticent but also show task persistence and emotional control |
| Confident | zealous, friendly, and adjust readily to unfamiliar surroundings |
| Under-controlled | impulsive, irritable, and restless |
| Inhibited | shy, fearful, and easily upset |
| Temperaments predict later life | Under-controlled—higher rates of antisocial disorder & alcohol problems when compared to well-adjusted or inhibited groups) ii. Inhibited – higher rates of antisocial disorder (but not alcohol issues) |
| Rorschach Inkblot Test | i. 10 symmetrical inkblots—some color and some black and white. Individual describes what they see ii. Scores based on portion of blot used (whole/part), use of white space/figure, and proportions of small details used |
| Thematic Apperception Test | i. 30 pictures of scenes—make up story that fits ii. Score based on motives/conflicts involved in made-up story |
| Rorschach | i. There is little relation between criteria that are supposed to be indicative of particular traits and actual traits in people ii. There may be some ability to diagnose patients with psychological disorders |
| TAT | i. Can’t differentiate patients with disorders from typical individuals ii. The pictures have been criticized for being too gloomy iii. Lack of a standardized method of administration as well iv. Lack of norms for interpretation |
| Methods of personality assessment: The Trait Approach | Current personality research and Self-Report Data |
| Current personality research | i. Measurement and quantification of differences among people iii. Personality can be described as a number of underlying personality traits |
| Self-Report Data | i. Info provided directly from the subject (questionnaires, interviews) Pros: We are our own best experts, Cons: People may lack accurate self-knowledge, responses could be intentionally distorted |
| The Big Five Dimensions of Personality | Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism |
| Openness to experience | imaginative vs. down to earth; likes variety vs. likes routine; independent vs. confirming |
| Conscientiousness | organized vs. disorganized; careful vs. careless; self-disciplined vs. weak-willed |
| Extraversion | social vs. retiring; fun-loving vs. sober; affectionate vs. reserved |
| Agreeableness | softhearted vs. ruthless; trusting vs. suspicious; helpful vs. uncooperative |
| Neuroticism | worried vs. calm; insecure vs. secure; self-pitying vs. self-satisfied |
| Big Five factors | Necessary & sufficient for describing personality at broadest level |
Created by:
randikeys
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