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Memory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Encoding, storage, retrieval | 3 aspects of memory |
| Encoding | First aspect of memory |
| Attention | Focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events. Can be compared to a filter |
| Inattentional blindness | Failure to notice a fully-visible, but unexpected object because attention was engaged on another task, event, or object. |
| Selective attention | Purposely conscious awareness onto specific stimulus thereby ignoring other things. |
| Early selection of attention | Being screened during sensory input |
| Late selection of attention | Being screened after brian processes info (Like cocktail party effect) |
| Structural processing | A visual processing, like how words look, which lasts shortests in memory |
| Phonemic processing | An acoustical processing, like how words sound, |
| Semantic processing | A processing involving meaning which lasts longest in memory |
| Elaboration | Linking stimulus with other info at time of encoding |
| Self-referent | Deciding whether and how information is personally relevant |
| Visual imagery | Helps memory by dual-encoding it with see-able information |
| Sensory Memory | Preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually fraction of second |
| Short term memory | Limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed info for about 20 seconds. Mental or verbal repetition helps maintain it. Usually 5-9 items in list |
| Chunking | Grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short term memory |
| Long term memory | Unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time |
| Flashbulb memories | Usually vivid and detailed memories of momentous events |
| Primacy effect | Being able to remember terms near the beginning of a sequence |
| Recency effect | Being able to remember terms near the end of a sequence |
| Serial position effect | Forgetting the middle terms in a sequence |
| Clustering | Tendency to remember similar or related items in a group |
| Conceptual heirarchies | Multilevel classification system based on common properties among items |
| Schema | An organized cluster of knowledge of a particular object / event abstracted from precious knowledge with object or events (a script) |
| Semantic network | Consists of nodes representing concepts joined together by paths that link related networks |
| Tip of the tongue phenomenon | Temporary inability to recall something you know accompanied by the feeling that it is just out of reach. |
| Context clues | When memory is tied to a place |
| Mood congruent | Retrieval of memory is better for information consistent with your current mood |
| Source monitoring error | Memory derived from one source attributed to another source |
| Cryptomnesia | Inadvertent plagiarism, when people think they have original idea, that was something they'd heard of before. |
| Reality monitoring | Wondering if something actually happened or you imagined it |
| Ebbinghaus curve of forgetting | States that over time, an exponentially decreasing % of memory is forgotten |
| Retention | The amount of material remembered |
| Recall memory | A type of retention that involves no clues, like an essay or fill-in-the-blank |
| Recognition measure | A type of retention involving clues like a multiple-choice-test |
| Ineffective coding | Called pseudo forgetting when an event might have not been inserted into your memory in the first place most likely b/c done unconsciuosly |
| Decay theory | Idea that memories fade over time (works with short term memory and sensory memory, not long-term) |
| Interference theory | Idea that info is forgotten because of competition from other material, especially when materials studied are very similar |
| Retroactive interference | When new information impairs the retention of previously learned information |
| Proactive interference | When old information impairs the retention of newly learned information |
| Encoding specificity principle | States that for certain types of remembering used (semantic / phonetic), cuing meaning, sound, etc. will help memory most. |
| James McConnell | Created a conditioned response from a flatworm to contract when exposed to light, then gave RNA from that worm to another, who responded |
| Alzheimer's | Disease linked to inadequate synthesis of glutamate / acetylcholine, which are needed for memory |
| Thomson | Created a conditioned eye blink response in rabbits, but if a small part in cerebellum was destroyed, it no longer responded |
| Long-term potentation | A long-lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along specific neural pathway, which happens when memory forms |
| Retrograde amnesia | When a person loses memory for events that happen before the accident, which can last from minutes to years |
| Anterograde amnesia | When a person loses memory for events that happen after the accident, so they can no longer form memories |
| Consolidation | Conversion of info into longer lasting memory codes |
| Implicit memory | Also called unconscious remembering, when retention does not require intentional remembering. Is unaffected by alcohol, amnesia, nor age. Assessed indirectly by relearning tests |
| Explicit memory | Intentional recollection of previous experience |
| Declarative memory | Type of remembering involving factual information (semantic and episodic) |
| Procedural memory | Type of remembering for actions, skills, operations, and conditioned responses, more related with implicit (unintentional) memory |
| Episodic memory | Remembrance of chronological recollections of personal experience |
| Semantic memory | Remembrance of general knowledge, which is not tied to when the information was learned |
| Post traumatic stress disorder | When traumatic events create strong memories that are hard to forget |
| Freud | Believed that painful memories are pushed into the unconscious and forgotten |
| Overlearning | Continued rehearsal of material after you appear to have mastered it |
| Distributed practice | Remembering by studying over several days |
| Method of Loci | Remembering several pieces of info by associating an image with a different location |
| Prospective memory | Remembering to perform acts in the future |
| Retrospective memory | Remembering events in the past |
Created by:
uriel_magana
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