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Psycholog101 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is psychology? | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| What is Structuralism | Wundt- Father of Psychology as a science, Leipzig science lab-explored structures of the mind, introspection |
| Functionalism | Environmental Factors, purpose of behavior |
| Processes of memory | Encoding (putting it in), Storage (holding onto the information), retrieval (getting information out) |
| Mnemonic Devices | can be used to help encode. chunking, songs, letters |
| Short term memory | 12-30 seconds, susceptible to interference |
| Long term memory | can be permanent |
| Episodic memory | Declarative, events experienced by a person, affected by amnesia |
| Sematic Memory | declarative, facts, general knowledge, affected by amnesia |
| Procedural memory | Implicit memory, motor skills, habits, trained reflexes, nondeclarative, not affected by amnesia |
| Encoding specificity | state dependent learning: memories formed during a particular psysiological or psychological state will be easier to recall when in a similar state |
| Recall | must be pulled from memory with few external cues |
| retrieval failure | recall has temporarily failed TOT (tip of the tongue) phenomenon |
| Recognition | the ability to match information to a memory |
| false positive | an error of recognition in which people think they recognize something that is not actually in memory |
| Elizabeth Loftus | Showed that what people see and hear about an event after the fact easily affect the accuracy of their memories of that event |
| retroactive | newer information interferes with the retrieval of information |
| proactive | information already in memory interferes with learning new information |
| Human development | the scientific study of how people as they age from conception until death |
| Longitudinal design | research design in which one group of participants is studied over a long period of time |
| Nature | inherited characteristics of personality, physical growth and social interactions |
| Nurture | environment on personality, physical growth and social interactions |
| Behavioral genetics | focuses on nature vs nurture |
| Infants are born with reflexes | grasping, moro(startle), rooting(looking for food), stepping, sucking |
| cognitive development | the development of thinking, problem solving and memory |
| Jean Piaget | developed a 4 stage theory of cognitive development |
| 1. Sensory motor stage | infant uses his or her senses and motor ability to interact with objects in their environment |
| 2. Preoperational stage | The preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world, develop a theory of mind |
| 3. Concrete stage | stage in which school child becomes capable of logical thoughts |
| 4. Formal Operations | stage in which one can use abstract reasoning |
| Erickson's 1. Infant | Trust Vs Mistrust |
| Erickson's 2. Toddler | Autonomy Vs Inferiority |
| Erickson's 3. Preschool | Initiative Vs guilt |
| Erickson's 4. Elementary School | Industry Vs Inferiority |
| Erickson's 5. Adolescence | Identity Vs Role confusion |
| Erickson's 6. Early adulthood | Intimacy Vs Isolation |
| Erickson's 7. Middle Adulthood | Generativity Vs Stagnation |
| Erickson's 8. Late Adulthood/ Elder | Ego Intergrity Vs Despair |
| Preconventional Morality | The consequences determine morality; behavior that is rewarded is right that is punished wrong |
| conventional Morality | conformity to social norms is right, nonconformity is wrong |
| post conventional morality | moral principles determined by the person right and wrong ad may disagree with societal norms |
| Distress | The effect of undesirable and unpleasant stressors |
| Eustress | the effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and wellbeing |
| You can't remember anything that happened a week before an accident | retrograde amnesia |
| could not remember the actor's name, but it started with a B | Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon |
| A Measure of your Memory in which you need to pick the correct answer from a list of options | Recognition |
| has a tumor that affected their ability to form new memories, the tumor is most likely affecting the | Hippocampus |
| You enter an old password instead of a new password | proactive interference |
| not being able to recall your old phone number is | retroactive interference |
| You are introduced to 8 new people but only remember the first two and the last three | the serial position affect |
| What captures the notion of sensory memory | when you see a bright light and then see white spots or afterimages |
| Many life events are difficult to retrieve because | the information fades from memory |
| vivid recollections of high impact events | flashbulb memories |
| carrying out motor and perceptual procedures are | nondeclarative memories |
| Social psychology is the scientific study of how people | think about, influence and relate to one another |
| A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality | the fundamental attribution error |
| Feelings, often based on our beliefs that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people and events are called | attitudes |
| Studies of role playing most likely highlight the effects of | actions on attitudes |
| The participants in Philip Zimbardos study | were so endangered by their role playing that the study was discontinued |
| Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of the three comparison lines was identical to a standard line | the research studied conformity |
| Milgrams study examined | Obedience |
| Someone believes most young women from California are good looking, and that good looking women are selfish and egotistical | stereotyping |
| Someone is not hired because of his or her race | discrimination |
| the ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common | identity |
| Type A personality | ambitious, time conscious, and has high levels of hostility and anger |
| Type B Personality | relaxed and laid back, less driven and competitive slow to anger |
| Type C Personality | Pleasant but repressed, tends to internalize anger and anxiety, finds expressing emotion difficult, higher cancer rate |
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