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Anxiety Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Some of us are more prone to notice and remember information perceived as _________, and the brain’s danger-detection system becomes __________. | Threatening ; Hyperactive |
| When this occurs, we are at greater risk for an anxiety disorder, or for two other disorders that involve anxiety: | – Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
| Anxiety disorders are marked by ________, persistent anxiety or ________ behaviors that reduce anxiety; include: | Distressing ; Maladaptive -- Generalized anxiety disorder – Panic disorder – Phobia |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | Person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy. |
| Panic disorder | Person experiences panic attacks, sudden episodes of intense dread, and fears the next episode’s unpredictable onset. |
| Phobia | Person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation. |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal | Generalized anxiety disorder |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Sudden episodes of intense dread | Panic disorder |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Lack of concentration on a task | Generalized anxiety disorder |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Anxiety disorder marked by a persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. | Phobia |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Irregular heartbeat, chest pains, shortness of breath, choking, trembling, dizziness | Panic disorder |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Characterized by persistent and repetitive thoughts, actions), or both | Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. | Panic disorder |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Occurs when obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors persistently interfere with everyday life and cause distress | Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
| Fear or avoidance of public situations from which escape may be difficult (should a panic attack occur). | Agoraphobia |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Worry continually, often jittery, on edge, and sleep deprived | Generalized anxiety disorder |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Often seen with depression, but usually debilitating even on its own | Generalized anxiety disorder |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: People with this disorder avoid social situations (speaking up in a group, eating out, going to parties), and if unable to avoid them, may experience strong symptoms of their anxiety. | Social anxiety disorder (formerly called “ social phobia”) is an intense fear of other people’s negative judgments. |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Two-thirds women | Generalized anxiety disorder |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: include a fear of particular animals, insects, heights, blood, or closed spaces. | Specific phobias |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Is more common among teens and young adults than older people, also strong genetic basis | Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. | Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Often followed by worry over a possible next attack. | Panic disorder |
| NAME THAT DISORDER: Women at higher risk (1 in 10) than men (1 in 20) of developing this disorder, following a traumatic event. | Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
| Often involves military veterans (___.___ percent of combatants; ___/___ of noncombatants among Americans in Afghanistan) and survivors of accidents, disasters, and violent and sexual assaults (including an estimated ___/___of prostitutes). | 7.6 ; 1.4 ; 2/3 |
| Research demonstrates how a fearful event can later become a fear of similar events. | Stimulus generalization |
| Can help maintain a developed and generalized phobia. | Reinforcement |
| __________ research helps explain how panic-prone people associate anxiety with certain cues. Learning may magnify a single painful and frightening event into a full-blown phobia through two conditioning processes: | Conditioning Stimulus generalization Reinforcement |
| Observing others can contribute to development of some fears ....shown by... | Olsson and colleagues: Wild monkey research findings |
| Our interpretations and expectations also shape our reactions. | Hypervigilance |
| Researchers have identifies ___ gene variations associated with typical anxiety disorder symptoms | 17 |
| Genetic predisposition to ______,_______,_______ | anxiety, OCD, and PTSD |
| Genes influence levels of neurotransmitters | • Serotonin • Glutamate: |
| Influences sleep, mood, attending to threat | Serotonin |
| Heightens activity in the brain’s alarm center | Glutamate |
| Experience affects gene expression. __________ _______ are often organic molecules that attach to chromosomes and turn certain genes on or off | Epigenetic marks. |
| Traumatic fear-learning experiences can leave tracks in the ______ | Brain |
| Fear circuits created within the ________ result in easy inroads for more fear experiences | Amygdala |
| Brain scans show higher-than-normal activity in the ________ of brain scans of people with PTSD when they view traumatic images | Amygdala |
| ______ _______ ________, a brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, is especially likely to be hyperactive in people with OCD | Anterior cingulate cortex |
| We seem _______ prepared to fear certain threats—these are easily conditioned and difficult to extinguish. | Biologically |
| Examples of biologically influenced fears. | Flying (heights) |
| Our ______ focus on dangers our ancestors faced. Our compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that helped them survive. | Phobias |
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