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Social Psych (ch.10)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social psychology | The study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others |
| Sociology | The study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society |
| Conformity | Changing behavior to match the actions of others. A response to indirect social pressure |
| Solomon Asch | studied conformity with standard lines verse comparison lines. The real participant would change their answer to the wrong one because everyone else gave a wrong answer too. Conformity happens at 4 people or something |
| Give 4 examples of groupthink | (1) Salem witch trials (2) Internment camps - Germany and Japanese-American (3) Bombing of pearl harbour (4) 2016 presidential election - media outlets all thought Hillary would win |
| Give 8 factors that influence groupthink | (1) Invulnerability (2) Rationalization (3) Lack of introspection (4) Stereotyping (5) Pressure (6) Lack of disagreement (7) Self-deception (8) Insularity |
| Groupthink: (1) Invulnerability | Members feel they cannot fail |
| Groupthink: (2) Rationalization | Explain away warning signs to help each other rationalize their decision |
| Groupthink: (3) Lack of introspection | Members do not examine ethical implications because they believe they cannot make immoral choices |
| Groupthink: (4) Stereotyping | Stereotype enemies as weak, stupid, or unreasonable |
| Groupthink: (5) Pressure | Members pressure each other not to question the prevailing opinion |
| Groupthink: (6) Lack of disagreement | Do not express opinions that differ from the group's consensus |
| Groupthink: (7) Self-deception | Share an illusion that they all agree with the decision |
| Groupthink: (8) Insularity | Members prevent the group from hearing disruptive but potentially useful information from the people who are outside the group |
| Compliance | Changing one's behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change. Response to a direct request |
| Foot-in-the-door technique | Asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment |
| Door-in-the-face technique | Asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment |
| Lowball technique | Getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment (cost: money, time, effort, etc.) |
| Norm of reciprocity | They do something nice for you, so you feel like you have to do something nice back. "Let me get you a soda to drink while we look at cars" |
| Obedience | Changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure |
| Stanley Milgram's study | studied obedience - the teacher/learner shock experiment, in which the teacher shocks the learner increasingly painfully because of the direction of the authority figure (a “scientist”). 65% of teachers went to the maximum voltage |
| Attitude | A tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation |
| 4 influences of attitude formation | (1) Direct contact (2) Direct instruction (3) Interaction with others (4) Vicarious conditioning (observational learning) |
| ABC model of attitudes - A | Affective/emotional component. The way a person feels toward something "I like country music because it's fun" |
| ABC model of attitudes - B | Behavior component. The action a person takes in regard to something "I listen to country music and buy country albums" |
| ABC model of attitudes - C | Cognitive component. The way a person thinks about something, including beliefs and ideas "I think country music is better than other kinds of music" |
| Persuasion | The process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation |
| Name and explain 4 factors of persuasion | (1) Source: experts, trustworthy, attractive (2) Message: Clear, organized, produce fear and info on how to avoid fear (3) Target audience: young adults are more susceptible to persuasion (4) Medium: way a person receives the message |
| Central-route processing | Attending to the content of the message itself |
| Peripheral-route processing | Attending to factors not involved with the message, such as appearance, source of message, length of message, and other noncontact factors |
| Cognitive Dissonance | Sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's attitudes |
| Name 3 ways to reduce cognitive dissonance | (1) Change conflicting behavior to match attitude (2) Change current conflicting cognition to justify behavior (3) Form new cognitions to justify behavior (ex. smoking - change behavior or thought) |
| Social categorization | Assignment of someone based on characteristics they have in common with other people or groups (when a person meets someone new). Natural process, although it can cause problems such as stereotyping. |
| Attribution | The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others |
| Situational cause | Attributed to external factors such as delays, other's actions, weather, other aspects of the situation |
| Dispositional cause | Attributed to internal factors such as personality or character |
| Attribution theory | Theory of how people make attributions. A way of explaining not only why things happen but also why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do |
| Fundamental attribution error | The tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situational factors |
| Prejudice | Negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group. The attitude |
| Discrimmination | Treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong . The behavior |
| Realistic conflict theory | Increasing prejudice and discrimmination are closely tied to an increasing degree of conflict between in-group and out-group when both groups are seeking a common resource (land, jobs, etc.) |
| Name and explain the 3 rules of attraction | (1) Physical attractiveness (2) Proximity - the more people experience something, the more they tend to like it (3) Similarity - The more people have in common with others (attitudes, beliefs, interests), the more they are attracted to them - validation |
| Reciprocity of liking | Tendency of people to like other people who like them in return |
| Why might we form relationships with those who are similar to us? | People tend to form relationships with those that are similar because they are validated in beliefs and attitudes. The more one finds in common with someone else, the more likely they are to be attracted to them. |
| Why might we form relationships with those who are different from us? | "opposites attract" - complimentary qualities can be rewarding, Complimentary qualities fills a “void” and can be rewarding |
| Robert Sternberg's love theories - Three components | (1) Intimacy: feeling of closeness, or the sense of having close emotional ties to one another. Not physical, but psychological (2) Passion: physical aspect of love. Sex, holding hands, loving looks, hugs (3) Commitment: decisions about the relationship |
| Robert Sternberg - Types of love | (1) Romantic love: love consisting of intimacy and passion. Often the basis for a lasting relationship (2) Companionate love: love consisting of intimacy and commitment. Usually in a marriage relationship (3) Consummate love: all 3 components of love |
| Philip Zimbardo study | Prison and guard study with the students: the guards became more aggressive while playing the part-power of roles. |
| Name some biological factors of aggression | Instinct, genetics, testosterone, alcohol |
| Name some learned factors of aggression | Social role (a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position, such as a solider), learning, frustration |
| Altruism | Prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself |
| Bystander effect | The likelihood of someone who is in trouble being helped decreases as the number of witnesses or bystanders increases |
| Diffusion of responsibility | A person fails to take responsibility for action or inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility |
| Why do people join cults? | People are charmed by the cult leaders and begin to make commitments. They feel a sense of belonging. Soon enough, a major step is taken and they become cult members. leaving is hard, but 90+% of cult members escape. |
| Festinger and Carlsmith study | Studied cognitive dissonance. Gave participants $1 or $20 to complete a boring task. The people who got $1 convinced themselves that the task was fun - waste of time to only be compensated 1$. The $20 people said that it was a boring test. |
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sara_hillyer
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