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Psychology Review
Theories, Key terms, and People
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 387 B.C.E. believed in innate ideas, said that the brain was the seat of mental process. | Plato |
| 335 B.C.E. denied the existence of innate ideas, said that the heart was the seat of mental process. | Aristotle |
| 1879, established the first psychology laboratory. | Wilhelm Wundt |
| Studied the minds structure through introspection. Founded the structuralism branch of psychology. | Edward Bradford Titchener |
| Studied the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings. Influenced by Charles Darwin. Wrote the first Psychology textbook. Founded the functionalism branch of psychology. | William James |
| 1905, First woman to become the president of the American Psychological Association (APA). | Mary Whiton Calkins |
| The first woman to receive a Ph. D. | Margaret Floy Washburn |
| 1920-1960, Dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as, "the scientific study of observable behavior." Founded a group called behaviorists. (2 people) | John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner |
| Said unconscious thought process and emotional responses are tied to childhood experiences. | Sigmund Freud |
| Studied how our environment can nurture or limit growth potential. Founded humanistic psychology. (2 people) | Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow |
| Cognitive Neuroscience | The understanding of brain activity (perceiving, processing, and remembering) underlying mental processes (emotions, motives, etc.) |
| Neuroscience Perspective | Focuses on how body and brain activity enables emotions, memories, and experiences. |
| Evolutionary Perspective | Focuses on how traits have promoted the survival of genes. |
| Behavior Genetics Perspective | Focuses on how our genes and environment influence us. |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | Focuses on how our behavior springs from our unconscious. |
| Behavioral Perspective | Focuses on observable responses. |
| Cognitive Perspective | Focuses on how the brain encodes, process, stores, and retrieves data. |
| Social-cultural Perspective | Focuses on how behavior varies across cultures and environments. |
| Basic Research | Builds onto psychology's knowledge base. |
| Applied Research | Uses psychology to tackle practical problems. |
| Counseling Psychology | Assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) to achieve greater well-being. |
| Clinical Psychology | Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. |
| Psychiatry | Helps people with mental disorders through medical drugs and treatment. |
| Positive Psychology | Studies human functioning to promote strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive. |
| Community Psychology | Studies how people interact with their social environments. |
| The Testing Effect | Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Henry Roediger and Jeffrey Karpicke. |
| The SQ3R Study Method | Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review. |
| Hindsight Bias | The tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have foreseen it. |
| Overconfidence | The tendency to think that you know more than you do. |
| Scientific Attitudes | Curiosity, skepticism, and humility. |
| Case Study | Studying one person in depth in a hope to discover universal principles. |
| Somatic Nervous System | The division of the peripheral nervous system that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscles. |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Controls glands and muscles of internal organs. Can be sometimes be overridden consciously, but mainly operates autonomously. |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Arouses and expends energy. (Fight or flight) |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Conserves energy, decreases heartbeat, lowers blood sugar. (Sleepy) |
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | Amplifies the electrical readout of brain activity. |
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) | Depicts brain activity by showing each brain area's consumption of its chemical fuel, the sugar glucose. |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | A magnetic field aligns spinning brain molecules. A radio-wave pulse momentarily disorients the atoms. When they become re-aligned they emit a signal that provide a detailed image of soft tissues, including the brain. |
| Functional MRI | Reveals the brains functioning as well as structure. Using MRIs taken a second apart they can watch blood flow and activity. |
| Brainstem | The oldest part of the brain, which includes the medulla that controls heartbeat and breathing. |
| Thalamus | The brain's sensory switchboard that receives information from the senses except smell, to than route them to higher brain functions. |
| Reticular Formation | A nerve network that runs up the spinal cord that controls arousal. |
| Cerebellum | The "little brain" that enables nonverbal learning and memory. This includes judging time, modulating emotions, and discriminating sounds and textures. |
| Limbic System | Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Controls emotions and drives. |
| Amygdala | Controls fear and aggression. |
| Hypothalamus | Governs bodily maintenance. Controls hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior. |
| Cerebral Cortex | A thin layer of interconnected nerves that cover the cerebral hemisphere. This is the brains ultimate information processing center. |
| Glial Cells | Provide nourishment to neurons by cleaning up neurotransmitters and protect by creating myelin sheaths. |
| Frontal Lobes | Part of the cerebral cortex, located just behind your forehead. They control speaking, muscle movement, making plans, and judgements. |
| Parietal Lobes | Part of the cerebral cortex, located at the top of the brain and toward the rear. Controls sensory input from touch and body position. |
| Occipital Lobes | Part of the cerebral cortex, located at the back of the brain. Controls sensory information from the visual fields. |
| Temporal Lobes | Part of the cerebral cortex, located roughly above the ears. Controls auditory information obtained from the opposite ear. |
| Motor Cortex | An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. |
| Sensory Cortex | An area in front of the parietal lobes that processes body touch and movement. |
| Association Areas | Areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. |
| Plasticity | The brains ability to change, especially during childhood, to reorganize by building new pathways. |
| Neurogenesis | The formation of new neurons. |
| Corpus Callosum | The large band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres by relaying messages between them. |
| Dual Processing | The idea that information is processed simultaneously on separate conscious and unconscious tracks. |
| Blindsight | A condition in which a person can respond to visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it. |
| Cocktail Party Effect | The ability to attend one voice among many. |
| Alpha Waves | The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed awakened state. |
| Delta Waves | Large and slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. |
| NREM Sleep Levels | NREM-1 (Dreaming), NREM-2 (Sleep Spindles), NREM-3 (Night Terrors) |
| Insomnia | Problem falling asleep or staying asleep. |
| Narcolepsy | A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. |
| Sleep Apnea | A condition that causes a person to stop breathing intermittently stop breathing during sleep. |
| Manifest Content | The apparent and remembered story line of a dream that symbolizes latent content. |
| Latent Content | Unconscious drives that would be threatening if expressed directly. |
| Interpretation of Dreams | Sigmund Freud's book that talked about manifest content and latent content. |
| Dissociation | A split consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. |
| Depressants | Drugs like alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates calm neural activity and slow body functions. |
| Stimulant | Drugs like cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, meth, and ecstasy. Excites neural activity and speeds up body functions. |
| Hallucinogens | Drugs like LSD, ecstasy, and marijuana. Distorts perceptions and invokes sensory images. |
Created by:
evanmatt
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