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Med Term
Chapter 12: Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The physician who specializes in the study of disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract (including the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and bile duct) | gastroenterologist |
| The allied health professional who studies and applies the principles and science of nutrition | nutritionist |
| A allied health professional trained to plan nutrition programs for the sick as well as healthy people | dietitian |
| Digestion section that includes the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and the stomach | Upper gastrointestinal tract |
| Digestion section that includes the the large and small intestines | Lower gastrointestinal tract |
| related organs to the digestive system | salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
| The space between the diaphragm and the groin | abdominopelvic cavity |
| Largest of the ventral body cavities | abdominopelvic |
| The specific serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained organs | peritoneum |
| surround the opening of the mouth | lips |
| form walls of the oral cavity that are continuous with the lips and lined with mucous membrane | cheeks |
| Forms the anterior, upper roof of the mouth that is supported by bone. | hard palate |
| Irregular ridges or folds in its mucous membrane lining. Found in the stomach and anterior roof of the mouth (hard palate) | rugae |
| Posterior portion of the upper roof of the mouth (closer to the throat) composed of skeletal muscle and connective tissue. | soft palate |
| End of the soft palate that is small, cone shaped projection. Helps produce sound and speech | uvula |
| solid mass of very strong flexible skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane. Located in the floor of the mouth within the curve of the lower jaw bone | tongue |
| Upper surface of the tongue normally pink, moist, and covered with small, rough elevations (taste buds) | papillae |
| The cavity that consist of the lips and cheeks that help hold food in the mouth and keep it in place for chewing | buccal cavity |
| Lower jaw bone | Mandible |
| Principle organ of the sense of taste and assists in the process of chewing and swallowing | Tongue |
| Process of chewing | mastication |
| Process of swallowing | deglutition |
| _______ pair of salivary glands | 3 |
| Mostly water but also contains mucus and digestive enzymes | saliva |
| Two enzymes contained in saliva | amylase and lipase |
| Gums are also known as | gingiva |
| the throat | pharynx |
| adjoins the oral cavity and is the passageway that serves both the respiratory and the digestive systems | pharynx |
| Section of the pharynx leading away from the oral cavity | oropharynx |
| Portion of the pharynx located behind the nasal cavity | nasopharynx |
| The lower portion of the pharynx which opens into both the esophagus and the larynx | laryngopharynx |
| Near the base of the tongue, leading from the mouth into the pharynx (orophayngeal area) | tonsils |
| Peristaltic movements of food down the esophagus | epiglottis |
| Receives food from the pharynx and propels it into the stomach | esophagus |
| Approximately 10 inches long, passes through an opening in the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity before connecting to the stomach | collapsible muscular tube |
| The passage of the food from the espohagus into the stomach is controlled by a muscular ring | lower esophageal sphincter/cardic sphioncter |
| Located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen | stomach |
| The upper rounded portion of the stomach. It rises to the left and above the level of the opening of the esophagus into the stomach. | fundus |
| Central part of the stomach that curves to the right. | body |
| The lower tubular part of the stomach that angles to the right from the body of the stomach as it approaches the duodenum | Pylorus/ gastric antrum |
| First part of the small intestines | Duodenum |
| Regulates the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum. | Pyloric sphincter |
| Depression between the rugae contain the gastric glands that secrete gastric juices containing | digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid |
| Liquid like mixture of food in the stomach | Chyme |
| The small intestines is approximately ______ ft. long | 20 feet |
| The small intestines are divided into 3 parts: | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
| The first part of the small intestines (12 inches long) | Duodenum |
| Receives the chyme from the pylorus of the stomach along with secretions from the liver and the pancreas that further the digestive process. | Duodenum |
| Connects the duodenum to ileum. Approximately 8 ft long | Jejunum |
| Last part of the small intestines. Approximately 12 feet in length. Connects at the ileocecal sphincter | ileum |
| Small fingerlike projections | villi |
| Begins at the ileocecal sphincter and extends to the anus | Large intestines |
| Blind pouch, on the right side of the abdomen, that extends approximately 2 to 3 inches beyond the ileocecal junction to the begining of the colon | Cecum |
| Lower portion of the cecum hangs a small wormlike structure known as | vermiform appendix |
| vermiform appendix is approximately ______ inches in length and less than ____ inches in diameter | 2-3 inches 0.5 inches |
| The longest portion of the large intestines | Colon |
| The colon is divided into four sections; | Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmond colon |
| Begins at the ileocecal junction, curving upward towards the liver on the right side of the abdomen. | Ascending colon |
| Horizontal turn left just below the liver | Hepatic flexure |
| Runs horizontal underneath the liver, below the stomach toward the spleen. | Transverse colon |
| Once the transverse colon turns downward | splenic flexure |
| Passes down towards the pelvis on the left side of the abdomen. | Descending colon |
| At the pelvic brim (curved at the top of the hip bones) the descending colon makes a S-shaped curve. | Sigmond colon |
| Connects the descending colon to the rectum | sigmond colon |
| The last 7 to 8 inches of the large intestines which connects the sigmond colon to the anus. | rectum |
| The opening through which feces are eliminated from the body | anus |
| The act of expelling feces from the body | defecation |
| Located immediately under the diaphragm, slightly to the right. | Liver |
| The largest gland in the body | Liver |
| Weighs approximately 3 to 4 pounds | Liver |
| This organs function is to produce bile for the emulsification of fats in the small intestines. | Liver |
| Cells that produce a yellowish-green secretion called bile | Hepatocytes |
| Responsible for the color of urine and feces. (yellowish-green) | bilirubin |
| Dependent plasma proteins. Albumin, globulin carrier molecules and the clotting factor | Vitamin K |
| Glycogenesis & Glycogenolysis metabolized | Carbohydrate metabolism |
| This organ converts excess amounts of circulating blood glucose (simple sugars) into a complex form of sugar (starches) for storage | Liver |
| The process in which the liver converts excess amounts of circulating blood glucose (simple sugars) into a complex form of sugar (starches) for storage into the liver cells | glycogenesis |
| complex form of sugar | glycogen |
| When your blood sugar is low the liver converts stored glycogen into | glucose |
| Synthesis of cholesterol, of lipoproteins for transport of fat to other tissues, and conversion of fatty acids to ketones to be used for energy production | Fat metabolism |
| Phagocytosis of old, worn-out red blood cells | erythrocytes |
| Erythrocytes are destroyed in the spleen they are broken down into | Heme ( contain iron and globin/ blood protein) |
| The enzymes produced by the liver convert potentially harmful substances (such as ammonium, alcohol, and medications) into less toxic ones | Detoxification |
| Responsible for the storage of the vitamins, iron and copper; fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, and B | Liver |
| Pear shaped sac located on the under surface of the liver | Gallbladder |
| Approximately 3 to 4 inches long. Connected to the liver via the cystic duct. | Gallbladder |
| Cystic duct joins the hepatic duct to form | common bile duct |
| Main function is to store and concentrate the bile produced by the liver | Gallbladder |
| When chyme enters the duodenum and the presence of fatty content is detected the gallbladder is stimulated to release | bile |
| Elongated organ approximately 6 to 9 inches. located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen behind the stomach | Pancreas |
| Extends horizontally across the body, beginning at the small intestines and ending around the the edge of the spleen | Pancreas |
| Its functions as both an exocrine and an endocrine gland | Pancreas |
| Pancreas manufactures the digestive juices containing trypsin, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase, and sodium bicarbonate. | Exocrine pancreas |
| trypsin | breaks down proteins |
| pancreatic lipase | breaks down fats |
| pancreatic amylase | breaks down proteins |
| sodium bicarbonate | neutralizes acidic stomach content |
| Pancreas manufactures insulin, which passes directly into the blood capillaries instead of being transported by way of ducts. | Endocrine pancreas |
| First set of teeth are called | baby teeth primary/deciduous teeth |
| Your first set of teeth consist of ____ teeth , that begin to appear around ______ years of age | 20 teeth 6 months |
| Your second set of teeth consist of _____ teeth, that begin to appear around ____ years of age | 32 teeth 6 years old |
| Final set of teeth are called | secondary teeth permanent teeth |
| You typically get your third molar (wisdom teeth) after the age of ___ | 17 years old |
| chisel shaped with sharp edges for biting food | Incisor |
| single point teeth are useful for grasping and tearing food | canine |
| _____ and ____ have flat surfaces with multiple projections for crushing and grinding food | premolars & molars |
| Another name for canine | cuspids |
| Another name for premolars | bicuspids |
| A typical tooth has how many main parts | 3 |
| visible part of the tooth | crown |
| covers the crown, the hardest substance in the body | enamel |
| This part of the tooth lies just beneath the gum line | neck |
| The part of the tooth embedded in the bony socket of the jaw bone | root |
| The central core of the tooth | pulp cavity/ root canal |
| Contains connective tissue, blood lymphatic vessels, and sensory nerve endings. | root canal |
| Forms the bulk of the tooth shell, and surrounds the pulp cavity | dentin |
| The dentin in the neck and root area of the tooth is surrounded by a thin layer of harden connective tissue | cementum |
| Begins with the mouth and ends with the anus | alimentary canal |
| An abnormal condition characterized by the absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice | Achlorhydria |
| Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat | anorexia |
| Condition characterized by the loss of the ability to swallow as a result of organic or psychologic causes | aphagia |
| An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. The fluid contains large amounts of protein and electroyltes | ascites |
| An audible abdominal sound produced by hyperactive intestinal peristalsis. (rumbling, gurgling, and tinkling noises heard when listening with a stethoscope) | borborygmus |
| Difficultly in passing stools or an incomplete or infrequent passage of hard stools | Constipation |
| The frequent passage of loose, water stools | Diarreha |
| A vague feeling of epigastric discomfort after eating. Involves uncomfortable feeling of fullness, heartburn, bloating and nausea | dyspepsia |
| Difficultly in swallowing, commonly associated with obstructive or motor disorders of the esophagus | dysphagia |
| Excessive leaness caused by disease or lack of nutrition | emaciation |
| The material expelled from the stomach during vomiting, vomitus | emesis |
| The act of bringing up air from the stomach with a characteristic sound through the mouth; belching | eructation |
| Air or gas in the intestine that is passed through the rectum | Flatus Flatulence |
| Backflow of the content of the stomach into the esophagus that is often the result of incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter | gastroesophageal reflux |
| A yellowish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera of the eyes caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood | icterus |
| Icterus can also be called | jaundice |
| Abnormal, black, tarry stool containing digested blood | Melena |
| An unpleasant sensation often leading to the urge to vomit | nausea |
| Common chronic condition of itching of the skin around the anus | Pruritus ani |
| Greater the normal amounts of fat in feces, characterized by frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter that floats | steatorrhea |
| To expel the content of the stomach through the esophagus and out of the mouth | Vomit |
| Decreaed mobility of the lower two thirds of the esophagus along with constriction of the lower esophageal sphincter | achalasia |
| An abnormal passageway in the skin surface near the anus usually connecting with the rectum | Anal fistula |
| Small inflammatory, noninfectious, ulcerated lesions occurring on the lips, tongue, and inside the cheeks of the mouth | aphthous stomatitis also called canker sores |
| Inflammation of the vermiform appendix | Appendicitis |
| Nutrient malabsorption due to damaged small-bowel mucosa | celiac disease |
| A disease of the liver that is chronic and degenerative, causing injury to the hepatocytes(functional cells of the liver) | Cirrhosis |
| The presence of a malignant neoplasm on the large intestines | colorectal cancer |
| A state in which the individual's pattern of bowel eliminationi is characterized by a decrease in the frequency of bowel movements and the passage of hard dry stools.Individual experience difficult defecation | constipation |
| Digestive tract inflammation of a chronic nature causing fever cramping diarrhea weight loss and anorexia | Crohn's disease |
| Tooth decay caused by acid-forming microorganisms | dental caries |
| An expression used to characterize both diverticulosis and diverticulitis . Diverticulosis describes the noninflamed outpouching or herniations of the muscular layer of the intestines, typically the sigmond colon. | Diverticular disease |
| A term used to decribe painful intestinal inflammation typically caused by ingesting water or food containing bacteria, protozoa, parasites, or chemical irriatants | Dysentery |
| Swollen, twisted (tortous) veins located in the distal end of the esophagus | Esophageal varices |
| Pigmented or hardened cholesterol stones formed a s result of bile crystalization | gallstones |
| An unnaturally distended or swollen vein (called varicosity) in the distal rectum or anus | Hemorrhoids |
| Acute or chronic inflammation of the liver due to a viral or bacterial infection, drugs, alcohol, toxins, or parasites | Hepatitis |
| An irregular protrusion of tissue, organ, or a portion of an organ through an abnormal break in the surrounding cavity's muscular wall | Hernia |
| Inflammatory infectious lesions in or on the oral cavity occurring as a primary or a secondary viral infection caused by herpes simplex | Herpetic stomatitis |
| Absence at birth of the autonomic ganglia in a segment of the intestinal smooth muscle wall that normally stimulates peristalsis | Hirschsprung's Disease |
| A term used to describe an obstruction of the intestine | ileus |
| Complete or partial alteration in the forward flow of the content in the small or large intestines | Intestinal Obstruction |
| Telescoping of a portion of proximal intestine into distal intestine, usually in the ileocecal region (causing an obstruction) | Intrssusception |
| Increased motility of small or large intestinal wall, resulting in abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea, anorexia, and the trapping of gas throughout the intestines | irritable bowel syndrome Spatic colon |
| A precancerous lesion occurring anywhere in the mouth | oral leukoplakia |
| An acute or chronic destructive inflammatory condition of the pancreas | Pancreatitis |
| A break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the gastrointestinal tract as a result of hyperacidity or the bacterium Helicobacter pylori | Peptic ulcers |
| A term used to describe a group of inflammatory gun disorders, which may lead to degeneration of teeth, gums, and sometimes surrounding bones | Periodontal Disease |
| Colorectal polyps are small growths projecting from the mucous membrane of the colon or rectum | Polyps Colorectal |
| A fungal infection in the mouth and throat, producing sore, creamy white, slightly raised curdlike patches on the tongue and other oral mucosal surfaces. | Thrush |
| A chronic inflammatory condition resulting in a break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the colon in the form of ulcers. Characterized by large watery diarreheal stools containing mucus, pus, or blood. | Ulcerative colitis |
| A rotation of loops or bowel, causing a twisting on itself that results in an intestinal obstruction | Volvulus |
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