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Intro to Psych Ch 13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Defining Personality | Distinguishes us from one another and makes us unique People respond to situations in different ways Hostility can determine the way people react to certain events |
| Relatively enduring or consistent | A person reacts the same way at different times for different events |
| Behavioral thresholds | the point at which a person moves from not having a particular response to having one |
| The Evolution of Personality Traits | Human personality traits evolved as adaptive behavioral responses to fundamental problems of survival and reproduction (Natural Selection) EX: Being sensitive to threats would have been adapted in dangerous environments |
| Genetics and Personality | 50% of the differences in personality is from a non-genetic source-- Shared environment, nonshared environment, and error |
| Quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach | a technique in behavioral genetics that looks for the location on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors |
| Temperament and the Fetal Environment | Fetal activity and heart rate can reveal something about about differences over the first year of life EX: high heart rate at 36 weeks hints at less predictable eating High activity level hints at being slow adapting to new people or situations |
| Personality and Culture: Universality and Differences | Evidence personality comes from both nature and nurture Environment and culture affect temperament and make certain traits more likely in some societies |
| One measure of 5 major dimensions of personality | One measure of 5 major dimensions of personality Inventory (PI) Translated into 40 languages |
| Sigmund Freud | psychoanalysis Explains behavior and personality in terms of unconscious dynamics within the individual Emphasizes internal conflicts, attachments, and motivations Adult personalities are formed by experiences in early childhood |
| Alfred Adler | String for superiority - Major drive behind all behavior, humans strive to overcome their inherent inferiorities or deficiencies Inferiority complex - an unhealthy need to dominate or upstage others as a way of compensating for feelings of deficiency |
| Carl Jung | Unconscious has 2 forms: Personal & collective Personal- consciousness that consists of all our repressed & hidden thoughts, feelings, & motives Collective - consciousness that consists of the experiences of ancestors - passed down from generation |
| Abraham Maslow | All people strive for self- actualization Identify 15 characteristics |
| Carl Rogers | Based on the assumption that people naturally strive toward growth and fulfilment and need unconditional positive regard for that to happen |
| Social-Cognitive Learning Theories | Walter Mischel People are not consistent across all situations The qualities a person brings to each situation interact with the situation to make behavior change when the situation changes |
| Trait Theories | Traits or disposition are the major force behind personality Gordon Allport 18,000 words describe personality Most individuals could be described with only 10 central traits |
| Biological Theories | Biological foundations for our personality traits Differences in personality- caused by combined influences of genes & characteristics of the central nervous system 3 different dimensions of personality: Psychotics, Extraversion, Neuroticism |
| Behavioral Observation | The most direct and objective method for gathering personality data is to observe behavior and simply count specific behaviors that are associated with particular traits |
| Inter- rater reliability | measure of how much agreement there is in ratings when using two or more raters or coders to rate a personality or others behaviors |
| Advantages | they do not depend on people’s views of themselves, as self- report measurements do, they are direct and relatively objective |
| Weaknesses | Costly and time consuming |
| Interviewing | Most natural and comfortable Ideal to gather important information about a person's life The only problem is how to score the responses |
| Projective Tests | personality assessments in which the participant is presented with a vague stimulus or situation and asked to interpret it or tell a story about what they see |
| Rorschach Inkblot Test | A projective test in which the participant is asked to respond to a series of ambiguous inkblots |
| Personality Questionnaires | Self-report instruments on which respondents indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree with a series of statements as they apply to their personality |
| Rational (face valid) method | a method for developing questionnaire items that involves using reason or theory to come up with a question |
| Empirical method | a method for developing questionnaire items that focuses on including questions that characterize the group the questionnaire is intended to distinguish |
| Personality | the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors , feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual |
| Trait | a disposition to behave consistently in a particular way |
| Unconscious | one of Freud's three levels of consciousness; it contains all the drives, urges, or instincts that are outside awareness but nonetheless motivate most of our speech, thoughts, feelings, or actions |
| Id | One of Freud’s provinces of the mind |
| Ego | One of Freud’s provinces of the mind; a sense of self; the only part of the mind that is direct contact with the outside world; operates on the “reality principle” |
| Superego | one of Freud's provinces of the mind; the part of the self that monitors and controls behavior; "stands over us" and evaluates actions in terms of right and wrong; hence, our conscience |
| Defense mechanisms | unconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way |
| Repression | the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness |
| Reaction formation | a defense mechanism that occurs when an unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse in turned into its opposite |
| Projection | a defense mechanism in which people deny particular ideas, feelings, or impulses and project them onto others |
| Sublimation | a defense mechanism that involves expressing a socially unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable way |
| Inferiority complex | an unhealthy need to dominate or upstage others as a way of compensating for feelings of deficiency |
| Personal unconscious | according to Jung, form of consciousness that consists of all our repressed and hidden thoughts, feelings, and motives |
| Collective unconscious | According to Jung, form of consciousness that consists of the shared experiences of our ancestors - God, mother, life, death, water, earth, aggression, survival - that have been passed down from generation to generation |
| Archetypes | Ancient or archaic images that result from common ancestral experiences |
| Unconditional positive regard | acceptance of another person regardless of his or her behavior |
| Five-factor model | O - Open to experiences C - Conscientiousness E - Extraversion A - Agreeableness N - Neuroticism |
| Unconditional positive regard | the ability to respect and appreciate another person unconditionally- that is, regardless of the person’s behavior |
| Difficult | means that even if someone violates our basic assumptions of what it means to be good, decent, and moral person, we still appreciate, respect, and even love him or her as a person |
| Archetypes | ancient or archaic images that result from common ancestral experience |
Created by:
kristaj
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