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Language - Studies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Berko (1958) | We hold implicit knowledge of morphological rules and this is seen in children as young as 4 Pluralisation - 'Wug -> Wugs' Past-tense - 'Femp -> Femped' |
| Liberman et al. (1957) | The way in which we differentiate between phonemes is categorical, not continuous. Sudden change in distinction from 'Glear' to 'Clear' when VOT changes. Distinction clearer given context. |
| Warren (1970) | 'It was found that the *eel was on the ...' axel/table/fishing rod/orange Perception of wheel, mean, reel or peel depending on the final word. Mind fills in the missing sound depending on surrounding context. |
| Miller & Issard (1963) | Shadowing Task - Played sounds through ears and asked to speak what was heard. Best shadowing with Semantic and Syntax structure. Semantics and Syntax influence speech perception. |
| McIelland & Elman (1986) | Trace Model of word recognition. |
| Morris (1994) | 'the friend talked as the barber/person trimmed the moustache' - Fixation time on moustache was shorter after barber than person |
| Swinney (1979) | Cross-Modal Priming. 'he found spiders, roaches and other bugs_ in the corner of the room' - Fastest response time to relevant prime but also fast response to irrelevant 'spy' prime suggesting multiple meanings are accessed. |
| Duffy, Morris & Rayner (1988) | Used the manipulation of dominance to determine whether context means multiple word meanings are accessed. When context came after equibiased word, fixation time was much longer suggesting both meanings were accessed. |
| Rayner, Carlson & Frazier (1983) | Test of minimal attachment. People's eyes move to beginning of sentence in non-minimal attachment suggesting difficulty of comprehension. Non-minimal attachment - The spy saw the cop with the revolver but the cop didn't see him |
| Fraizer (1987) | Garden Path Model of Parsing. |
| Rosch (1973) | Against DA. Some instances are more typical than others. Ratings - Higher ratings of 'car' than 'surfboard' for 'vehicle' Sentence Verification - 'Robin is a bird' faster reaction than 'Ostrich' |
| McCloskey & Glucksberg (1978) | Boundaries can be fuzzy. Is a stroke a disease? - Yes - 16 No - 14 (11 changed minds after 1 month) |
| Rosch (1973, 1975) | Prototype Theory |
| Rips (1989) | Against Prototype Theory. An object half-way between the size of a coin and a pizza is more likely to be a pizza because coins do not vary in size. |
| Medin & Shaffer (1978) | Exemplar Theory |
| Murphy & Medin (1985) | Explanation-Based Theory (Theory Theory) |
| Grice (1975) | Three Stage (Standard) View of Language Processing |
| Grice (1975) | Grice's Co-operative Principle (Maxims) |
| Gibbs (1979) | Against 3-Stage Model. No difference in time to act on direct and indirect requests . |
| Blaso & Connine (1993) | Against 3-Stage Model. Equally fast lexical decisions on literal and figurative models in sentences such as 'Indecision is a whirlpool'. |
| Glucksberg & Keysay (1991) | Class Inclusion Model. |
| Tourangeau & Rips | Feature Listing Task . Metaphorical features for 'Sharks' in 'Lawyers are sharks' included 'Spineless and Predators' which did not occur in listed features for sharks alone. Suggests overlapping features of both Sharks and Lawyers account for metaphor. |
| Motley and Baars (1976) | SLIP Technique - Speech Error Elicitation Technique. Three sets of words in advance with the same set of phonemes then a third with switched phonemes. Lexical Bias Effect - More likely to make errors that result in real words. |
| Motley and Baars (1979) | Spoonerisms more likely to occur when the resulting content is congrous with the situational context. More likely to say 'Fine Body to Bine Foddy' with the presence of attractive researcher with SLIP procedure. |
| Kant | Tanscendental method - Infer existence from consequences. Invisible processes have visible consequences e.g. Response time, accuracy. |
| Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) | Founder of Introspection - Study of conscious events 'Looking Within'. Behaviour is predicted by our thoughts. However, most of memory and language is determined by unconscious thoughts. |
| Brown (1973) | Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) - Number of phonemes/utterance. Language acquisition incredibly variable |
| Mehler et al. (1988) | New-born language discrimination. Agued babies began learning about language whilst still in the womb because new-borns count differentiate between mother's native language and foreign language. Ear fully formed 4 months before birth. |
| Werker & Lalonde (1988) | Discrimination of alveolar [da] and retroflex [Da] in babies found by conditioned head turn. Hindi babies to adults able to distinguish, English speaking babies up to 7 months able to. |
| Bates (1999) | Parental report, vocabulary growth. Children learn words gradually until around 50 words at around 18 months when there is a 'vocabulary growth spurt'. |
| Quine (1960) | The Gavagi Problem |
| Hirsh- Paske et al. (1985) | Can tell what children are comprehending by looking at where they are preferentially looking (e.g. Look! Big Bird is tickling Cookie Monster!') |
| Piaget (1954) | Cognitivism |
| Skinner (1957) | Behaviourism |
| Chomsky (1982) | Nativism |
| Johnson & Newport (1989) | Korean and Chinese immigrants asked to distinguish grammatical and ungrammatical sentences. The earlier they had arrived in the country, the better they scored (despite same average time in country) |
| Newport (1990) | Perform better in tests of American Sign Language (ASL) grammar with younger age of exposure. |
| Seudenberg, Waters, Barnes & Tanenhaus (1984) | Longer reading time of low frequency exception words (e.g. Yacht), no difference in reading times of high frequency words. |
| Broca (1865) | Discovered lesions on the left frontal lobes in patients with speech impairments. |
| Heider (1972) | Against linguistic determinism. Dani Tribe only use 'light and dark' to describe colour. Colour perception same as those with colour names, not determined by language. |
| Kay & Kempton (1985) | Argument for 'Soft' determinism. Tamahumara tribe do not distinguish between green and blue in language, pick extreme colour for each colour triplet rather than picking 'odd colour our' like English participants. |
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