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PSY 100 Exam 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is abnormal? | Varies by culture and time, infrequent and detrimental (e.g., distressing, dangerous to self or others) |
| DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) | Used to make a diagnosis |
| Intern’s Syndrome | People studying find that they might have a disorder that they are studying |
| Rosenhan’s (1973) research | Went to hospitals claiming to hear voices, admitted for schizophrenia, other patients figured out that they didn’t belong before the staff. Found that it’s the place not the people. |
| Biological Model | genes, neurotransmitters |
| Cognitive Model | dysfunctional thoughts |
| Behavioral Model | learning, conditioned fear reaction |
| Psychodynamic Model | unconscious conflicts |
| Sociocultural Model | poverty, dysfunctional family systems |
| Humanistic Model | self distorted to gain regard from others |
| BioPsychoSocial Model | biological, psychological, and social problems all add together |
| Diathesis-Stress Model | some sort of genetic predisposition but stress (environmental) adds problem. Can have one but not the other; doesn’t cause disorder |
| Eclectic Model | have more than one belief; most psychologists are this |
| Decline of psychodynamic | rise of cognitive/cognitive-behavioral |
| Two types of phobias | Specific (spiders, heights, needles) and social |
| Causes of phobias include | Biological (HPA overactivity), Behavioral (conditioned fear reaction), Cognitive (biased attention and interpretation) |
| Treatments for phobias | benzodiazepines, SSRIs, exposure (flooding, systematic desensitization) |
| Cognitive restructuring | replace dysfunctional thoughts with positive thoughts |
| Agoraphobia | a fear of being out in the open |
| Causes of panic disorders | genes, GABA dysfunction, anxiety sensitivity, interoceptive sensitivity and catastrophic misinterpretations, interoceptive conditioning |
| Treatments for panic disorders | benzodiazepines, SSRIs, interoceptive exposure, cognitive restructuring |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders | Obsessions and compulsions/neutralizing acts |
| Causes of OCD | genes, inflated responsibility, thought-action fusion, overestimation of threat |
| Treatments for OCD | SSRIs, exposure with response prevention |
| Psychomotor retardation | thinking and moving slowly |
| Dysthymia | less intense than SAD but longer lasting |
| Gender difference | risk is twice as high for women to get MDD (e.g., stress, rumination) |
| Causes of MDD | Neurotransmitter dysfunction, poverty, Becks cognitive model,negative cognitive triad(self/world/future), cognitive distortions, negative thoughts, learned helplessness ,internal/stable/global attributions, depressive attributions |
| Treatments for MDD | SSRIs, light therapy for SAD, ECT, cognitive restructuring, attribution retraining |
| Bipolar I Disorder | Mania symptoms include grandiosity, pressured speech, and flight of ideas, |
| Hypomanic episodes | shorter and less intense |
| Cyclothymic disorder | less severe but longer lasting |
| Causes for Bipolar | genes, reward sensitivity and goal attainment, social rhythm disruptions, expressed emotion |
| Treatments for Bipolar | mood stabilizers [lithium, anticonvulsant medication], CBT, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy |
| Schizophrenia | psychotic disorder |
| Positive symptoms for schizophrenia | hallucinations [auditory], delusions, disorganized thinking/language [loose associations, clanging, word salad, neologisms], catatonic behavior and waxy flexibility. Negative symptoms for schizophrenia |
| Causes for schizophrenia | genes and environmental factors [prenatal exposure to infection, stress], schizophrenia associated with larger ventricles |
| Dopamine hypotheses I | schizophrenia due to overactivity of dopamine |
| Dopamine hypotheses II | negative symptoms due to underactivity in the striatum |
| Dopamine hypotheses III | psychosis is due to dopamine dysfunction in the striatum, suggests this dysfunction affects how stimuli are elevated, suggests problem begins with presynaptic accumulation of dopamine |
| Treatments for schizophrenia | antipsychotic medication (FGA and SGA), family therapy [psychoeducation], social skills training, cognitive remediation, and CBT; danger of extrapyramidal symptoms, deinstitutionalization) |
| Dissociative amnesia | unlike organic amnesia because no anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia is related to personal information. Unlike ordinary forgetting dissociative amnesia can involve the loss of time periods, can be accompanied by dissociative fugue, |
| Depersonalization-derealization disorder | feel detached from their minds or bodies |
| Dissociative identity disorder | multiple identities, including a host and some number of alters |
| Trauma model | symptoms caused by traumatic stress |
| Sociocognitive model | suggests symptoms caused by culture and therapists in combination with other psychopathology |
| Iatrogenesis | inducement of symptoms by therapists |
| Gender difference (ADD/ADHD) | more frequent in boys |
| Causes for ADD/ADHD | genes, maternal smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy, associated with poor executive functioning |
| Treatments for ADD/ADHD | stimulant medication (consequence of lack of concentration) and behavior therapy |
| Borderline PD | poorly developed self, conflicted relationships, emotional instability, risk-taking |
| Obsessive-compulsive PD | inflexibility, compulsiveness, perfectionism |
| Avoidant PD | avoiding relationships, low esteem, social anxiety |
| Schizotypal PD | eccentricity, inappropriate emotion, suspiciousness |
| Narcissistic PD | preoccupation with oneself; self can be elevated, diminished, or variable |
| Antisocial PD | lack of concern for others, impulsive, risk-taking, manipulative, aggressive, more common in men and prison population, causes (genes, abuse, associated with poor executive functioning); little work on treatment |
| Health Belief Model | suggests decisions are based on 4 factors: (1) Perception of threat, (2) perceived severity of threat, (3) pros versus cons of health behavior, (4) cues to action |
| Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model | suggests that people are at different stages regarding change (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance) |
| Aversion treatment | learning, make something unpleasant to make person stop |
| Instrumental conditioning | reward for doing something; reward for studying/exercising |
| Stimulus control | manage stimuli around me; get rid of unhealthy things to be healthier |
| Contingency contracting | having someone hold you accountable for things; get one CD back for every 2 pounds lost |
| Social Engineering | do things in society (set up laws etc.) to try to get people to do what we want; laws for driving, drugs, education and nutrition requirements |
| Sleep | amplitude/frequency changes in brain waves |
| Awake | low amplitude/high frequency beta and alpha waves |
| NREM 1 | theta waves |
| NREM 3 | large/slow delta waves |
| NREM 2 | sleep spindles (bursts of activity) and K-complexes (single large waves) |
| REM | Rapid eye movement, called paradoxical sleep (brain waves look like the walking state) |
| Optimal amount of sleep | 6-7 hours (varies with person) |
| Sleep deprivation | associated with illness and increased mortality, impairs performance, lower grades, more likely to have accidents |
| Causes of obesity | genes, reward sensitivity, external eating, CLOCK gene variations and circadian desynchrony, unhealthy eating, too little exercise |
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