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______ has traditionally been applied to human diseases
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In the causal pie model, the _______ is depicted by the entire pie
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AGR 306 Final Review
Review of Epidemiology Terms and Questions for Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ______ has traditionally been applied to human diseases | Epidemiology |
| In the causal pie model, the _______ is depicted by the entire pie | Sufficient Cause |
| The study of ecosystems is known as ______ | Ecology |
| ______ is the indirect method of gaining insight into natural processes | Induction |
| ______ investigations are the component of the epidemiological process which contain the natural history of disease and the causal hypothesis testing | Qualitative |
| _____ is the type of study where one group is exposed to risk factors compared to a group which is not exposed to risk factors | Cohort |
| _____ is a component of the causal pie model which is not a biologically stable characteristic | Strength |
| ____ are diseases shared by lower animals and man | Zoonoses |
| What are necessary pieces of information for a disease control or eradication program? | - Amount in population - Facilities needed to control disease - Natural history of disease - Factors associated with its occurrence - Cost/benefits to control |
| What are Hill's causal criteria? | 1 - Strength; 2 - Consistency; 3 - Specificity; 4 - Temporality; 5 - Biological gradient; 6 - Plausibility; 7 - Coherence; 8 - Experimental evidence; 9 - Analogy |
| What is causation and why is it important to epidemiology? | Affect something has on other things; Certain conditions/events bring about other conditions/events; Realizing the cause of disease will help prevent an epidemic in both human and animal species |
| Bonus: In what state was the BSE case found over the summer? | Alabama |
| The first step in formulating a causal hypothesis is gaining ____ information | Descriptive |
| The key part of defining epidemiology is describing disease occurrences in a _____ | Population |
| _____ traditionally referred to disease outbreaks in poultry | Epornitics |
| A disease which can be shared by lower animals and man is ____ | Zoonosis |
| The study of ecosystems is known as _____ | Ecology |
| The entire pie of the causal model 1 is known as a ____ cause | Sufficient |
| _____ is not a biologically stable characteristic | Strength |
| The goal of epidemiology is to effectively ____diseases | Control |
| A(n) ____ is an examination of aggregate units | Survey |
| _____ is identifying that certain actions bring about other actions | Causation |
| _____ is the indirect method of gaining insight into natural processes | Induction |
| _____ is the aggregate of all facts relating to animals & plants in an environment | Natural History |
| _____ are variables which increase the likelihood of a disease | Risk Factors |
| _____ is the quantitative process of making routine observations | Monitoring |
| _____ is the association of variables whereby one variable impacts another without opposition | Direct |
| _____ is produced in casual model #2 in order to show the levels of causal factors | Web of causality |
| _____ is the time between a component cause occurring and the completion of the sufficient causation model | Induction time |
| _____ is the effect of an extraneous variable which can wholly or partially explain an apparent association | Confounding |
| _____ are defined as observable events which can vary | Variables |
| [Method of deriving a hypothesis] A single causal factor found in 1 of 2 different circumstances | Difference |
| [Method of deriving a hypothesis] Comparison of unknown disease to an understood disease | Analogy |
| [Method of deriving a hypothesis] A single causal factor similar among many circumstances | Agreement |
| [Method of deriving a hypothesis] Frequency of a factor varies continuously with a disease | Concomitant variation |
| [Type of study] Compare a group of heathy to a group of sick individuals | Case-Control |
| [Type of study] Compare a group which is exposed to one which is not | Cohort |
| [Type of study] Investigator can randomly allocate animals to groups | Experimental |
| [Type of study] Investigates relationships between disease and possible cause | Cross-Sectional |
| What are the four types of surveys? | Cross-Sectional; Longitudinal; Retrospective; Screening |
| What are Koch's Postulates? | 1 - Must be in every case; 2 - Transmissible; 3 - Cannot be in a different disease |
| Name the sub-disciplines of epidemiology. | Clinical; Computational; Genetic; Field; Participatory; Molecular |
| What are the three methods diseases of known origin can be diagnosed? | Signs exhibited; Lab testing; Other diagnostic tests |
| What are the four methods by which hypotheses can be accepted? | Tenacity; Authority; Intuition; Scientific inquiry |
| Name and briefly describe the types of epidemiological investigation. | Experimental: observe and analyze data from groups that can be controlled; Descriptive: observe and record; Cross-Sectional: investigate relationship between disease and possible cause; ... |
| Name and briefly describe the types of epidemiological investigation (cont.) | Analytical: Analysis using diagnostic and statistical measures; Theoretical: Use math simulation models |
| What are the five objectives of epidemiology? | Determine origin of disease with known cause; Investigate/control disease with unknown cause; Acquire information on ecology and natural history; Plan, monitor, assess; Assess economic benefit |
| What are the necessary pieces of information for a disease control or eradication program? | Amount in population; Factors associated; Facilities needed; Costs and benefits |
| What are 4 of Evan's rules? | Higher disease rate in exposed vs. not; Response rate increases if exposure increases (1 sting vs. 100); Higher exposure rate in infected vs. not; Modification decreases the amount of disease in the population |
| When were Koch's Postulates published? | 1892 |
| Bonus: Where did Dr. Harrelson complete his PhD? | New Mexico State University |
| ____ is the probability of individuals with a disease remaining alive for a length of time | Survival |
| A(n) ____________ is the term utilized when the period of risk for a disease is brief | Attack Rate |
| A _________ is a population with no movement into or out of it | Closed population |
| _____ is the total mortality rate for all diseases within a population | Death rate |
| _____ is the basic term for the amount of a disease in a population | Morbidity |
| _____ is when a disease is continuously present at high levels | Hyperendemic |
| Usual frequency of occurrence of a disease in a population | Endemic |
| Number of disease cases at a given time | Prevalence |
| Occurrence of a disease to higher than expected levels | Epidemic |
| Number of new cases occurring over a given time | Incidence |
| What are the common methods utilized to display demographic, morbidity, or mortality data? | Bar chart; Circle chart; Time trend graph; Time line graph; Table |
| What are methods which can be utilized to assess the population size of contiguous animal populations? | Aerial count; Ground count; Counting tracks; Dung sampling; Catch-release-recatch (tagging); Distance sampling |
| What are common types of maps utilized to display health data? | Proportional circle map; Base map; Point map; Distribution map; Chorophelethic map; Isophethic map; GIS |
| Geographical formations and vegetation which can impact spatial animal distribution is known as a _____ effect | Location |
| A(n) ______ infection is when clinical signs are not exhibited by a host | Subclinical/Invisible |
| A ____ factor is one which exerts a major influence on disease causation | Primary |
| The __________ is the total mortality rate for all diseases in a population | Mortality (Death) rate |
| When a population is at risk for a brief amount of time, it is known as a(n) _________ | Attack rate |
| A disease outbreak which is irregular and haphazard is _____ | Sporadic |
| ______ are often used to depict age | Population pyramids |
| A(n) ______ is the term for any noxious stimuli | Stressor |
| A(n) ____ population has no movement into or out of it | Closed |
| The basic term to describe the amount of a disease is _____ | Morbidity |
| ____ is the stage of infection where animals shed disease but do not readily exhibit clinical signs | Carrier |
| _____ is the type of climate which occurs in a small, confined space | Microclimate |
| _____ is the general term for any characteristic which affects the health of a population | Determinant |
| _____ is a widespread epidemic which usually affects large populations | Pandemic |
| _____ is the amount of a disease in a population at a given time | Point Prevalence |
| _____ is an alteration of the nucleic acid sequence of a cell or virus | Mutation |
| _____ is the interdependent operation of factors to produce (or prevent) an effect | Interaction |
| _____ is when a disease is constantly present in a population | Endemic |
| _____ is the ability of an infectious agent to cause a disease | Virulence |
| _____ is the re-assortment of genome segments during genetic exchange between organisms | Recombination |
| Determinants which are external to the host | Extrensic |
| Release of DNA from one bacteria to another | Transformation |
| Transmission of genetics via conjugal methods | Conjugation |
| Transfer of genetic material due to bacteriophages | Transduction |
| Determinants which are internal to the host | Intrinsic |
| (# of new cases - # of deaths) / # of new cases | Survival |
| # of deaths due to disease / sum of time at-risk of dying | Mortality rate |
| # of new cases in a time period / sum of at-risk time | Incidence rate |
| # of deaths / # of diseased animals | Case fatality |
| # of individuals affected / # of at-risk individuals | Prevalence |
| What are the types of genotypic changes to virulence? | Mutation; Recombination; Conjugation; Transduction; Transformation |
| What are the three parts of the general adaptive syndrome model? | 1 - General alarm reaction, 2 - Phase of resistance, 3 - Phase of reactions |
| Name and briefly describe the four methods in which sex of the animal can be a disease determinant. | Hormonal - predispose animals to disease; Occupational - pasture vs working; Social/Ethological - behavior pattern; Genetic - sex-linked disorders |
| What are the 3 basic types of rates or proportions? | Crude measures; Specific measures; Standardized/Adjusted measures |
| What are the three classifications of infections? | Opportunistic pathogens; Common virus; Specific infectious diseases |
| What are three ways in which husbandry can be a disease determinant? | Diet; Housing; Management |
| What are the three categories of genetic disorders? | Mendelian (simply inherited); Chromosomal; Multifactorial |
| What are the three determinants which make up the "triad" of disease occurrence? | Host; Agent; Environment |
| Bonus: What disease did we discuss as an example of a Mendelian genetic disorder? | Spider Lamb |
| A(n) _____ is the most widely used statistical measure | Average |
| A ________ is also known as the root-mean-square | Standard deviation |
| Typically, raw data is collected in _____ order | Random |
| ______ is the representativeness or validity of an average | Dispersion |
| A(n) ______ is used to reorder data from the smallest to the largest value | Array |
| _____ is a systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of an experiment which renders the results invalid | Bias |
| Average value identifying the most common observation | Mode |
| Average of the smallest and largest value in a data set | Midrange |
| Most widely used measure of central tendency | Mean |
| Value which is a place average; middle value of a data set | Median |
| What are the four major types of bias? | Bias based on confounding; Interviewer bias; Measurement bias; Selection bias |
| What are the two methods of presenting a frequency distribution we discussed in class? | Histogram; Frequency polygon |
| What are the three measures of data dispersion discussed in class? | Standard deviation; Range; Quartile deviation |
| _____ is generally used to draw conclusions about the composition of a sample from the population | Probability |
| The _____ interval is a range of values around a sample estimate | Confidence |
| _____ events means all outcomes of an experiment are equally likely to occur | Equiprobable |
| _____ is a systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study | Bias |
| The _____ frequency provides a numerical estimate of the probability of an event | Relative |
| A _____ measures the association between 2 random variables | Correlation |
| _____ is a place average | Median |
| A(n) ____ is used to summarize data from the smallest to largest value | Array |
| The _____ distribution describes the number of events over a set time frame | Poisson |
| Bias _____ be corrected if it occurs | Can |
| _____ is the term used when one outcome occurs which precludes any other event | Mutually exclusive |
| _____ is the most widely used measure of central tendency | Arithmetic mean |
| _____ is the measure of dispersion which is also known as the root-mean-square | Standard Deviation |
| _____ is the statistical hypothesis of no effect or no difference | Null hypothesis |
| _____ is the typical order in which data is collected | Random |
| _____ is any object that can take on a range of values | Variable |
| _____ is the type of distribution based on only 2 discrete outcomes | Binomial |
| _____ is the type of experimental error represented by alpha | Type I |
| _____ is the measure of dispersion which is used only with the median | Quartile Deviation |
| _____ is any ordered sequence of a group or set of things which can be calculated by the multiplication rule | Permutation |
| Any process of observing or obtaining data | Experiment |
| Estimate of a population variable | Parameter |
| Representative subset of a population | Sample |
| Elementary units which comprise a population | Observations |
| Basic unit to which treatments are applied | Experimental unit |
| Estimate of sample variables | Statistic |
| What are the five steps to testing a hypothesis? | 1 - State the null and alternative hypotheses; 2 - Determine sample distribution; 3 - State alpha and determine critical value (significance); 4 - Compute value of the test statistic using sample data; 5 - Make decision about hypothesis |
| What are the three kinds of problems suggested by studying probability? | Defining and interpreting what probability is; Utilizing known probabilities to calculate others; Obtaining numerical probabilities |
| [Type of bias] When ignoring a single/few factors drastically changes analysis | Bias due to confounding |
| [Type of bias] Where an interviewer's opinion(s) may affect reporting of data; Especially with surveys and similar types of data collection procedures | Interviewer bias |
| [Type of bias] Involving inaccurate measurements or the misclassification of animals as diseased or non-diseased | Measurement bias |
| [Type of bias] Where animals selected for study have systematically different characteristics from those that are not selected for study | Selection bias |
| What are the five types of sampling methods? | Random; Systematic; Clustered; Stratified; Sequential |
| What are the characteristics of the normal distribution? | Bell shaped curve; 68% of data between mean and one standard deviation; 95% of data between mean and two standard deviations; 99.7% of data between mean and three standard deviations |
| What are the three basic properties of probability? | Falls between zero and one; Sum of all probabilities is equal to one; Probability of compound events is equal to the sum of all events that are not A |
| What two methods, other than a table, can be utilized to express a frequency distribution? For each method, what is the advantage to using it? | Histogram - see shape of data; Frequency polygon - compare two or more distributions |
| In terms of hypotheses, what is our goal in research? | Reject the null hypothesis and determine alternative hypotheses as true |
| How does calculation of the mean differ when we have grouped data as opposed to ungrouped data? | Easier to find the biggest and smallest value; No raw data points in grouped data; Use the group mean as a proxy |
| [Type of experiment] Design where experimental units are randomly assigned to treatments without blocking; Simplest experimental design | Completely randomized design |
| [Type of experiment] Create blocks which represent time, location, or experimental material; Randomly apply treatments to blocks and repeat in multiple blocks; Blocks may be similar units which allow for unbiased data | Randomized block design |
| [Type of experiment] Uses few experimental units which receive all treatments in random order; Have a break between treatments | Latin square |
| Bonus: The coefficient of determination is represented by what? | r^2 |
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SilverSWolfe
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