Review of Epidemiology Terms and Questions for Final Exam
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| ______ has traditionally been applied to human diseases | show 🗑
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| show | Sufficient Cause
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| show | Ecology
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| ______ is the indirect method of gaining insight into natural processes | show 🗑
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| show | Qualitative
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| _____ is the type of study where one group is exposed to risk factors compared to a group which is not exposed to risk factors | show 🗑
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| _____ is a component of the causal pie model which is not a biologically stable characteristic | show 🗑
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| show | Zoonoses
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| show | - Amount in population
- Facilities needed to control disease
- Natural history of disease
- Factors associated with its occurrence
- Cost/benefits to control
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| show | 1 - Strength; 2 - Consistency; 3 - Specificity; 4 - Temporality; 5 - Biological gradient; 6 - Plausibility; 7 - Coherence; 8 - Experimental evidence; 9 - Analogy
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| What is causation and why is it important to epidemiology? | show 🗑
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| show | Alabama
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| show | Descriptive
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| show | Population
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| _____ traditionally referred to disease outbreaks in poultry | show 🗑
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| show | Zoonosis
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| The study of ecosystems is known as _____ | show 🗑
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| show | Sufficient
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| show | Strength
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| show | Control
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| show | Survey
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| _____ is identifying that certain actions bring about other actions | show 🗑
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| _____ is the indirect method of gaining insight into natural processes | show 🗑
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| show | Natural History
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| show | Risk Factors
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| _____ is the quantitative process of making routine observations | show 🗑
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| show | Direct
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| _____ is produced in casual model #2 in order to show the levels of causal factors | show 🗑
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| show | Induction time
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| _____ is the effect of an extraneous variable which can wholly or partially explain an apparent association | show 🗑
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| show | Variables
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| show | Difference
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| show | Analogy
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| [Method of deriving a hypothesis] A single causal factor similar among many circumstances | show 🗑
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| [Method of deriving a hypothesis] Frequency of a factor varies continuously with a disease | show 🗑
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| [Type of study] Compare a group of heathy to a group of sick individuals | show 🗑
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| show | Cohort
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| show | Experimental
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| [Type of study] Investigates relationships between disease and possible cause | show 🗑
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| show | Cross-Sectional; Longitudinal; Retrospective; Screening
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| show | 1 - Must be in every case; 2 - Transmissible; 3 - Cannot be in a different disease
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| show | Clinical; Computational; Genetic; Field; Participatory; Molecular
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| What are the three methods diseases of known origin can be diagnosed? | show 🗑
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| show | Tenacity; Authority; Intuition; Scientific inquiry
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| show | Experimental: observe and analyze data from groups that can be controlled; Descriptive: observe and record; Cross-Sectional: investigate relationship between disease and possible cause; ...
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| show | Analytical: Analysis using diagnostic and statistical measures; Theoretical: Use math simulation models
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| show | Determine origin of disease with known cause; Investigate/control disease with unknown cause; Acquire information on ecology and natural history; Plan, monitor, assess; Assess economic benefit
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| show | Amount in population; Factors associated; Facilities needed; Costs and benefits
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| show | Higher disease rate in exposed vs. not; Response rate increases if exposure increases (1 sting vs. 100); Higher exposure rate in infected vs. not; Modification decreases the amount of disease in the population
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| When were Koch's Postulates published? | show 🗑
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| Bonus: Where did Dr. Harrelson complete his PhD? | show 🗑
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| show | Survival
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| A(n) ____________ is the term utilized when the period of risk for a disease is brief | show 🗑
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| show | Closed population
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| show | Death rate
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| show | Morbidity
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| _____ is when a disease is continuously present at high levels | show 🗑
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| show | Endemic
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| show | Prevalence
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| show | Epidemic
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| Number of new cases occurring over a given time | show 🗑
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| What are the common methods utilized to display demographic, morbidity, or mortality data? | show 🗑
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| What are methods which can be utilized to assess the population size of contiguous animal populations? | show 🗑
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| show | Proportional circle map; Base map; Point map; Distribution map; Chorophelethic map; Isophethic map; GIS
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| show | Location
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| A(n) ______ infection is when clinical signs are not exhibited by a host | show 🗑
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| show | Primary
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| show | Mortality (Death) rate
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| show | Attack rate
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| show | Sporadic
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| show | Population pyramids
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| A(n) ______ is the term for any noxious stimuli | show 🗑
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| A(n) ____ population has no movement into or out of it | show 🗑
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| The basic term to describe the amount of a disease is _____ | show 🗑
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| show | Carrier
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| show | Microclimate
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| show | Determinant
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| show | Pandemic
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| _____ is the amount of a disease in a population at a given time | show 🗑
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| show | Mutation
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| _____ is the interdependent operation of factors to produce (or prevent) an effect | show 🗑
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| _____ is when a disease is constantly present in a population | show 🗑
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| show | Virulence
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| show | Recombination
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| show | Extrensic
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| show | Transformation
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| Transmission of genetics via conjugal methods | show 🗑
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| show | Transduction
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| Determinants which are internal to the host | show 🗑
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| (# of new cases - # of deaths) / # of new cases | show 🗑
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| # of deaths due to disease / sum of time at-risk of dying | show 🗑
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| # of new cases in a time period / sum of at-risk time | show 🗑
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| show | Case fatality
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| # of individuals affected / # of at-risk individuals | show 🗑
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| What are the types of genotypic changes to virulence? | show 🗑
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| show | 1 - General alarm reaction, 2 - Phase of resistance, 3 - Phase of reactions
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| show | Hormonal - predispose animals to disease; Occupational - pasture vs working; Social/Ethological - behavior pattern; Genetic - sex-linked disorders
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| show | Crude measures; Specific measures; Standardized/Adjusted measures
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| What are the three classifications of infections? | show 🗑
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| show | Diet; Housing; Management
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| What are the three categories of genetic disorders? | show 🗑
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| What are the three determinants which make up the "triad" of disease occurrence? | show 🗑
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| show | Spider Lamb
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| A(n) _____ is the most widely used statistical measure | show 🗑
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| show | Standard deviation
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| show | Random
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| show | Dispersion
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| show | Array
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| _____ is a systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of an experiment which renders the results invalid | show 🗑
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| show | Mode
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| Average of the smallest and largest value in a data set | show 🗑
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| show | Mean
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| show | Median
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| show | Bias based on confounding; Interviewer bias; Measurement bias; Selection bias
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| show | Histogram; Frequency polygon
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| show | Standard deviation; Range; Quartile deviation
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| show | Probability
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| The _____ interval is a range of values around a sample estimate | show 🗑
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| _____ events means all outcomes of an experiment are equally likely to occur | show 🗑
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| show | Bias
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| The _____ frequency provides a numerical estimate of the probability of an event | show 🗑
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| A _____ measures the association between 2 random variables | show 🗑
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| _____ is a place average | show 🗑
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| show | Array
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| show | Poisson
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| show | Can
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| show | Mutually exclusive
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| show | Arithmetic mean
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| _____ is the measure of dispersion which is also known as the root-mean-square | show 🗑
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| show | Null hypothesis
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| show | Random
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| _____ is any object that can take on a range of values | show 🗑
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| _____ is the type of distribution based on only 2 discrete outcomes | show 🗑
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| show | Type I
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| _____ is the measure of dispersion which is used only with the median | show 🗑
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| _____ is any ordered sequence of a group or set of things which can be calculated by the multiplication rule | show 🗑
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| show | Experiment
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| show | Parameter
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| Representative subset of a population | show 🗑
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| show | Observations
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| show | Experimental unit
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| Estimate of sample variables | show 🗑
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| What are the five steps to testing a hypothesis? | show 🗑
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| What are the three kinds of problems suggested by studying probability? | show 🗑
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| [Type of bias] When ignoring a single/few factors drastically changes analysis | show 🗑
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| [Type of bias] Where an interviewer's opinion(s) may affect reporting of data; Especially with surveys and similar types of data collection procedures | show 🗑
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| [Type of bias] Involving inaccurate measurements or the misclassification of animals as diseased or non-diseased | show 🗑
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| show | Selection bias
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| show | Random; Systematic; Clustered; Stratified; Sequential
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| What are the characteristics of the normal distribution? | show 🗑
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| show | Falls between zero and one; Sum of all probabilities is equal to one; Probability of compound events is equal to the sum of all events that are not A
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| show | Histogram - see shape of data; Frequency polygon - compare two or more distributions
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| In terms of hypotheses, what is our goal in research? | show 🗑
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| How does calculation of the mean differ when we have grouped data as opposed to ungrouped data? | show 🗑
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| [Type of experiment] Design where experimental units are randomly assigned to treatments without blocking; Simplest experimental design | show 🗑
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| [Type of experiment] Create blocks which represent time, location, or experimental material; Randomly apply treatments to blocks and repeat in multiple blocks; Blocks may be similar units which allow for unbiased data | show 🗑
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| [Type of experiment] Uses few experimental units which receive all treatments in random order; Have a break between treatments | show 🗑
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| show | r^2
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