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Psych Test 4 (final)

Stress, Health & Coping pg. 615-627 (Lecture 42, Dumas)

QuestionAnswer
Over 99% of us are born healthy and made sick as a result of what (2 points)? 1. Personal misbehaviour 2. Envirnomental conditions
Health psychology The study of psychological and behavioural factors in the prevention and treatment of illness and in the maintenance of health.
Health-enhancing behaviours Behaviours, such as exercise and good dietary habits, that support and increase health and longevity.
Health-compromising behaviours Behaviours, such as poor dietary habits and unprotected sexual activity, that impair health and reduce longevity.
What was Prochaska and DiClemente's study? They studied the process that occurs as people modify their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in positive ways, either on their own or with professional help.
Who developed the Transtheoretical Model? Prochaska and DiClemente
Transtheoretical Model Identifies 6 major stages in the process of how people change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and termination.
What are the 6 stages of the Transtheoretical Model (in order from start to finish)? 1. Precomtemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance 6. Termination
Precontemplation First stage of the Transtheoretical Model. Problem unrecognized or unacknowledged. Person has no desire to change their behaviour. Doesn't perceive themselves as having a problem, or denies that their behaviour has negative consequences.
Contemplation Second stage of the Transtheoretical Model. Recognition of problem; contemplating change. Person perceives a problem or the desirability of a behaviour change but has not yet decided to take action.
Preparation Third stage of Transtheoretical Model. Preparing to try to change behaviour. Person decides that they want to change their behaviour but has not actively begun to do so.
Action Fourth stage of Transtheoretical Model. Implementing change strategies. Person actively begins to modify their behaviour and their environment.
Maintenance Fifth stage of Transtheoretical Model. Behaviour change is being maintained. Person has been successful in avoiding relapse and has controlled the target behaviour for 6 months.
Termination Sixth stage of Transtheoretical Model. Permanent change; no maintenance efforts required. Behaviour is so ingrained and under personal control that the original problem behaviour will never return.
What stage requires the greatest commitment of effort and energy in the Transtheoretical Model? Action stage
Stage-matched interventions Psychologists developed ways of determining what stage people are in (Transtheoretical Model) in order to know which intervention procedure to implement to move the person toward action, maintenance, and termination stages.
What are the 2 most health-influencing behaviours? 1. Excercise 2. Weight control
Aerobic exercise Sustained activity that elevates the heart rate and body's need for oxygen (such as running, swimming, bicycling).
What 5 factors predict exercise drop out? 1. Self-efficacy (for success in exercising regularly) 2. Type A personality ("too busy to exercise") 3. Inflated estimates of current physical fitness 4. Inactive leisure-time pursuits (watching Tv and eating) 5. Lack of social support
Yo-yo dieting A form of weight monitoring that results in big up-and-down weight fluctuations; increases the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease.
Name 3 effective behavioural weight control techniques. 1. Eating in one place 2. Eating diary to increase awareness of eating pattern 3. Put fork down between bites 4. Keep problem foods out of sight 5. Distinguish hunger from cravings
What is the cause of AIDS? HIV
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Cripples the immune system by killing cells that coordinate the body's attack against invading viruses, bacteria, and tumors, which become the actual killers.
What are the 3 ways HIV can be transmitted? Semen, vaginal fluids, and blood.
Early AIDS interventions were directed at what major at-risk group? Homosexual men.
What is the current fastest-rising group of the HIV population? How does this make HIV more dangerous? Heterosexual women. This makes HIV faster-spreading because they also have the potential to infect their babies.
What are the 2 major reducing behaviours that impair health? 1. Sexually transmitted diseases 2. Substance abuse
Motivational interviewing A treatment approach that avoids confrontation and leads clients to their own realization of a problem and to increased motivation to change.
Multimodal treatments Substance abuse interventions that combine a number of treatments, such as aversion therapy and coping skills training.
What are the 6 main psychological measures and treatments for unhealthy behaviour change? 1. Aversion therapy (ex: nausea-producing drug) 2. Relaxation & stress-management training 3. Self-monitoring procedures 4. Coping and social skills training 5. Marital and family counselling (for social support) 6. Positive reinforcement procedures
What is the result of typical treatment procedures against unhealthy behaviours? Not highly effective; long-term maintenance of behaviour changes often occur in fewer than 30% of treated infividuals.
What is the biggest problem in treating substance abuse? High dropout rates
Relapses A complete return to a previous undesirable behaviour and an abandonment of attempts to change.
Lapse A one-time return to an undesirable behaviour pattern, usually in a high-risk situation.
Abstinence-violation effect A reaction that can occur when substance misusers fail to remain abstinent and view the lapse as proof that they will never be strong enough to resist temptation; may result in a total relapse.
Harm reduction A prevention strategy that is designed not to eliminate a problem behaviour but to reduce its harmful consequences.
What are 2 additional solutions to traditional susbtance abuse treatment? 1. Relapse prevention 2.. Harm-reduction approaches
Created by: jarnol33
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