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Psych Test 4 (final)
Adjustment & Maladjustment: pg. 641-659 (Lecture 44, Cole)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anxiety disorders | A group of behaviour disorders in which anxiety and associated maladaptive behaviours are the core of the disturbance. |
| What are the four components of anxiety responses? | 1. Subjective-eomtional 2. Cognitive 3 .Physiological 4. Behavioural |
| Subjective-emotional symptoms to anxiety | Feelings of tension, apprehension |
| Cognitive symtoms to anxiety | Worry, thoughts about inability to cope |
| Behavioural symptoms to anxiety | Avoidance of feared situations, decreased task performance, increased startle response |
| Physiological symptoms to anxiety | Increased heart rate, muscle tension, other autonomic arousal symptoms |
| Name 3 different forms of anxiety disorders. | Phobic disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder |
| What are the 2 statistics commonly used in epidemiological research? | Incidence and prevalence |
| Incidence | The number of new cases that occur during a given period. |
| Prevalence | The number of people who have a disorder during a specified period of time (ie both new and previously existing cases). |
| Are anxiety disorders more common in men or women? | Women |
| In ____ percent of cases, anxiety disorders interfere significantly with life functions or cause the person to seek medical or psychological treatment. | 70 |
| Phobias | Strong irrational fears of particular objects or circumstances. |
| In what stage of life are phobias most liekly to develop? | Can develop at any point in life, but mroe commonly during childhod, adolescence, and early adulthood. |
| How do many social phobias develop? | Out of extreme shyness during childhood. |
| The degree of impairment produced by a phobia depends in part on what? | How often the phobic stimulus is encountered in the individual's normal round of activities. |
| Agoraphobia | A phobia centred around open spaces and public places. |
| Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) | An excessive and inappropriate fear of social situations in which a person might be evaluated and possibly embarassed. |
| Specific phobias | Irrational and excessive fear of specific objects or situations that pose little or no actual threat (ex: spiders). |
| Generalized anxiety and worry disorder (GAD) | A chronic state of diffuse, or "free-floating", anxiety thta is not attached to specific situations or objects. |
| Many people with panic attacks tend to develop what type of phobia? | Agoraphobia ( fear of public places) |
| What does a formal diagnosis of a panic disorder require? | Recurrent attacks that do not seem tied to environmental stimuli, followed by psychological or behavioural problems (ex: fear of future attacks or agoraphobic responses). |
| At what stage in life do panic disorders commonly appear? | Late adolescence or early adulthood |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | An anxiety disorder characterized by persistant and unwanted thoughts and compulsive behaviours. It is a seperate disorder from anxiety in the DSM-5. |
| Obsessions | An unwanted and disturbing thought or image that invades consciousness and is very difficult to control. |
| Compulsions | A repetitive act that the person feels compelled to carry out, often in response to an obsessive thought or image. |
| Anxiety is a complex phenomenon as a result of what three causes? | Biological, psychological, and environmental |
| Larson and colleagues discovered what? | That the amygdala play a threat-detection role in phobias, resulting in a brief but strong response to feared objects that is not present in response to nonphobic stimuli or among nonphobic individuals. |
| What is GABA? | A neurotransmitter in the brain that reduces neural activity in the amygdala and other brain structures that stimulate physiological arousal. |
| What is the effect of low GAMA? | Low levels of GAMA in arousal areas (amygdala and other brain structures) may cause some people to have highly reactive nervous systems that quickly produce anxiety responses in response to stressors. |
| What did Lewinsohn study? | The large sex difference in anxiety. Concluded that even when controlling psychosocial factors (negative life events, self-esteem, social support), women still exhibit anxiety disorders more often than men do. |
| Lewinshon's study concludes that there is a noticeable ____________ biological predisposition for anxiety disorders. | sex-linked |
| Name 2 biological factors that influence anxiety levels within an individual. | 1. Genetic factors (ex: GAMA) 2. Evolutionary factors ("primal" stimuli for survival) |
| Name 3 subsets of genetic factors that can influence anxiety levels within an individual. | 1. GAMA (lower levels = higher stress) 2. Hereditary (notice 40% shared between identical twins) 3. Sex-linked predisposition (women more prone to anxiety) |
| What are the 3 subsets of psychological factors towards anxiety? | 1. Psychodynamic theories 2. Cognitive factors 3. Anxiety as a learned response |
| Cognitive theorists stress the role of what in anxiety disorders? | Maladaptive thought patterns and belief: catastrophizating. |
| According to Barlow, panic attacks are triggered by what? | Exaggerated misinterpretations of normal anxiety symptoms, such as breathlessness, heart palpitations, and dizziness, into signs of a heart attack or a psychological loss of control which just creates more anxiety. |
| From the behavioural perspective, anxiety disorders result from what? How? | Emotional conditioning; fears acquired as a result of traumatic experiences or observational learning produce a classically conditioned fear response. |
| Once the anxiety is learned, it may be triggered by what? | Cues from the environment or by internal cues, such as thoughts or images. |
| Once the anxiety is learned, phobic reactions are often triggered by what? | External cues relating to the feared object or situation. |
| Once the anxiety is learned, panic disorders are often triggered by what? | Internal cues, such as bodily sensations (ex: heart rate) or mental images (ex: image of collapsing and having a seizure in a public place). |
| What is the 4 -step process towards having a panic attack? | Eliciting stimuli (internal or external) > physiological responses (increased heart rate, dizziness, breathlessness, muscle tension, etc.) > catastrophic appraisals ("I'm going to die!") > panic attack |
| Culture-bound disorders | Behaviour disorders whose specific forms are restricted to one particular cultural context. |
| What is a known cultural phobic disorder occuring msot commonly in developed countries? | Anorexia nervosa (fear of getting fat). |
| Anorexia nervosa | An eating disorder involving a severe and sometimes fatal restriction of food intake. |
| ____________ is a common trait associated with anorexic individuals. | Perfectionism |
| Name 2 eating disorders. | Anorexia and bulimia |
| Bulimia nervosa | An eating disorder involving the bingeing and purging of food, usually by vomiting or laxative use, because of a concern with becoming fat. |
| Psychoanalytic theorists believe that neurotic anxiety results from what? | The inability of the ego's defences to deal with interal psychological conflicts. |
| The avoidance responses in phobias and compulsive disorders are seen as what? | Operant responses that are negatively reinforced through anxiety reduction. |
| Neurotic anxiety | In psychoanalytic theory, a state of anxiety that arises when impulses from the id threaten to break through into behaviour. |
| What is the 2 most frequently experienced psychological disorders? | Mood disorders and Anxiety disorders |
| Mood disorders | Psychological disorders whose core conditions involve maladaptive mood states, such as depression or mania. |
| How are anxiety and mood disorders related? | They have a high co-occurence; about half of all depressed people also experience an anxiety disorder. |
| Major depression | A mood disorder characterized by intense depression that interferes markedly with functioning. |
| Dysthymia (chronic depressive disorder) | A depressive mood disorder of moderate intensity that occurs over a long period of time but does not disrupt functioning as a major depression does. |
| What are the 4 types of symptoms of depression? | 1. Negative mood state 2. Cognitive 3. Motivational 4. Somatic (physical/bodily) |
| Emotional (negative mood state) symptoms of depression | Sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, misery, inability to enjoy |
| Cognitive symptoms of depression | Negative cognitions about self, world, and future. Feeling of inferiority, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating and making decisions. |
| Motivational symptoms of depression | Loss of interest, lack of drive, difficulty starting anything |
| Somatic (bodily) symptoms of depression | Loss of appetite, lack of energy, sleep difficulties, weight loss/gain |
| Unipolar depression | When a person experiences only depression (ie no mania) |
| Bipolar disorder | Mood disorder in which intermittent mania appears against a background of depression. |
| Mania | A state of intense emotional and behavioural excitement in which a person feels overly energized and optimistic, to the extent of self-destruction (ex: spending all money in belief that they'll win the lottery and deserve to live in a mansion). |
| How is speech and sleep affected in a manic episode? | Speech is rapid or pressured. Lessened need for sleep, can go for days without sleep until exhaustion slows the mania down. |
| At what stage of life are you more likely to experience depression? | All stages and ages; from a child being taken away from parents onwards. Depression is on the rise in young groups (adolescents) |
| What 3 factors could increase the vulnerability to depressive orders in women? | 1. Genetic factors 2. Biochemical differences in the nervous system 3. Monthly premenstrual depression |
| Are males or females more likely to experience depression? | Females, twice as likely than males |
| What are the 3 different possibilities following a depressive episode? Give percentages. | 1. Depression will recur 50% 2. Depression will never recur after recovery 40% 3. No recovery; chronic depression 10% |
| What are the 2 genetically based temperament systems associated with depression? | Neuroticism and extraversion |
| What is the role of brain chemistry in biological research of depression? | Underactivity of certain neurotransmitters that include dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin and that play important roles in brain circuits involving pleasure and reward. This decrease causes lack of pleasure and loss of motivation. |
| Which has a stronger genetic basis: unipolar disorder or bipolar disorder? | Bipolar disorder |
| What do manic disorders stem from? | An overproduction of the same neurotransmitters that are underactive in depression. |
| What are the 3 psychological factors of depression? | 1. Personality-based vulnerability 2. Cognitive processes 3. Learning and environmental factors |
| What do Freud and Abraham (psychoanalytics believe of early traumatic losses or rejections? | That it creates vulnerability for later depression by triggering a grieving and rage process that becomes part of the individual's personality. |
| Depressive cognitive triad | Negative thoughts concerning (1) the world, (2) oneself, and (3) the future that people with depression cannot control or suppress. |
| Depressive attributional pattern | The tendency of depressed people to attribute negative outcomes to their own inadequacies and positive ones to factors outside themselves. |
| Learned helplessness theory | A theory of depression that states that if people are unable to control life events, they develop a state of helplessness that leads to depressive symptoms. |
| What are the 3 negative attributions for failure that cause chronic and intense depression? | 1. Personal ("it's all MY fault") 2. Stable ("I'll ALWAYS be this way") 3. Global ("I'm a TOTAL loser") |
| In Alloy's study, what 3 features predicted bipolar group membership and occurence of future hypomaniac episodes? | 1. Cognitions involving autonomy (a focus on individualistic achievement and self-sufficiency) 2. High performance standards ("A person should do well at everything") 3. A tendency towards self-criticism when goals are not obtained |
| How do depressed people interpret negative and positive life outcomes? | Attribute negative outcomes to themselves and attribute positive outcomes to factors outside themselves. |
| Behavioural activation | The process of a depressed person breaking the cycle by forcing themselves to engage in behaviours that are likely to produce some degree of pleasure, and will lead to increased feelings of personal control over the environment. |
| What is the cycle of depression as shown by Lewinsohn's behavioural model of depression? | > Inadequate positive reinforcement or many punishers > depression > decreased reward-seeking behaviour, avoidance of others > increased depression > noxious behaviours that aleniate others and reduce social support > deeper depression (continuous cycle) |
| What symptoms of depression are reversed in mania? | Negative emotions and thoughts, loss of motivation, behavioural slowness |
Created by:
jarnol33
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