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LifeSpan midterm
Chapters 1-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| __________ studies patterns of growth, change, and stability from conception through the end of life. | Lifespan development |
| The primary topics of lifespan development research? | Cognitive, physical, and personality development |
| The financial crisis of the 2010s will exert what type of effect on the cohort of children growing up during this period? | history-graded influences |
| Shalise believes that child development is a process of continuous change. Her classmate Evan says that development follows a pattern of discontinuous change. Who is correct? | Both: Shalise and Evan A child’s development is marked by both continuous and discontinuous change. |
| Erikson’s _____________ ____________ theory was created as an alternative psychodynamic view emphasizing social interaction with other people. | psychosocial development |
| What developmental theorist is known for operant conditioning? | skinner |
| Which perspective emphasizes how people internally represent and think about the world? | Cognitive perspective |
| Which perspective contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives? | Humanistic perspective |
| What is the key factor guiding developmental perspectives that consider the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds? | Contextual factors |
| Which perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance? | Evolutionary perspective |
| Some lifespan developmentalists use a(n) ____________ approach, drawing on several perspectives. | eclectic |
| A(n) ____________ is a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested. | hypothesis |
| ____________ research seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists. | Correlational |
| Alan has decided to conduct a naturalistic observation of children and friendships. Which location would produce the most accurate results? | A playground |
| In an experiment, the ____________ is exposed to the treatment variable being studied; the ____________ is not. | treatment group/control group |
| Each human parent contributes ______________ to the developing zygote | one of each pair of 23 chromosomes |
| When a cluster of cells in the ovum splits off within the first two weeks after fertilization and forms two identical zygotes, the result is __________. | monozygotic twins |
| The __________ pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the child | 23rd |
| Most traits are governed by a combination of gene pairs rather than a single pair of genes. This is called __________. | polygenic inheritance |
| ______________ studies the effects of heredity on behavior and psychological characteristics. | Behavioral genetics |
| The presence of an extra X chromosome in male babies produces ______________, a disease characterized by genetic abnormalities. | Klinefelter’s syndrome |
| The noninvasive prenatal testing procedure that is commonly used to determine the size and shape of the baby and to monitor developmental patterns is called __________. | ultrasound sonography |
| A person’s ______________, defined as enduring patterns of arousal and emotionality in an individual, has strong a genetic basis, but it can be influenced by environmental factors such as family traits and behaviors. | temperament |
| The most informative way that researchers can learn about the different effects of nature and nurture on human development is through studies of __________. | identical twins raised separately |
| The following is an environmental factor that may influence the intelligence of a child? | friendships with intelligent peers |
| Noticing that their baby daughter seems to love singing and dancing, her nonmusical parent’s stream music into the house constantly and purchase a piano and child-sized guitar. This is an example of __________. | genes influencing the environment |
| The joining of sperm and ovum to create the single-celled zygote from which life begins is referred to as __________. | fertilization |
| During the ______________ stage of prenatal development, the fertilized egg, or blastocyst, attaches itself to the wall of the uterus. | germinal |
| In the procedure known as ______________, a man’s sperm is used to fertilize a woman’s ova in a laboratory. | in vitro fertilization |
| An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect is called a(n) __________. | teratogen |
| The use of a(n) ______________, which is designed to increase the size of the opening of the vagina, has fallen into disfavor in recent years and is diminishing in frequency. | episiotomy |
| ______________ is a childbirth technique based on the principle that giving birth should be as natural as possible and should not involve the use of medications or medical interventions. | The Bradley Method |
| A baby who is still unborn two weeks after the mother’s due date is considered a ______________ infant. | postmature |
| One factor in the increased reliance on Cesarean delivery in the United States is __________. | the greater use of fetal heart monitors |
| In the United States, which of the following is a major reason for the high rate of infant mortality in African American births compared with White births? | higher rates of poverty |
| One of the major body rhythms, the degree of awareness to both internal and external stimulation, is known as an infant’s ______________. | state |
| By the time children reach age ______, their proportions are similar to those of adults. | 6 |
| The following hormones play important roles in puberty? | Adrogen, leptin, and estrogen |
| Exercise during the period of middle adulthood can help to reduce ______________ , the thinning of the bones, that occurs in later life. | osteoporosis |
| The method of defining how old a person is taking into account a person’s physical and psychological well-being is called ______________. | functional age |
| ____________ allows established neurons to build more elaborate communication networks with other neurons. | synaptic pruning |
| During the preschool years, __________ is completed in the hippocampus, an area of the brain associated with memory. | myelination |
| ________ are unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli. | reflexes |
| Research has found that during middle childhood, __________ | boys and girls have similar motor skills |
| By the end of the preschool years, most children show __________, which is a clear preference for using one hand over the other. | handedness |
| Very young infants who are breast-fed are better able to distinguish their mothers through the sense of __________ than bottle-fed infants. | smell |
| __________ is a particularly useful ability, helping babies as young as six months to acknowledge heights and avoid falls. | depth perception |
| Severe and early loss of hearing can impair ________ thinking. | abstract |
| The virtually universal decline in near vision in middle adulthood is called ______________. | presbyopia |
| According to the peripheral slowing hypothesis, the increased reaction time of older people is attributable to changes in the ______________. | nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord |
| According to psychologists Arnold Lazarus and Susan Folkman, the primary appraisal stage of dealing with stress is focused on ______________. | assessing the implications of a potentially stress-inducing event |
| One recent educational trend that appears to be increasing stress among school-age children is ______________. | an increased emphasis on testing and homework |
| According to current research, which of the following is an indirect effect of stress? | Failure to exercise regularly |
| Unconscious strategies to distort or deny the seriousness of a potentially stressful situation or to insulate oneself from feeling its effects are called ______________. | defensive coping |
| A woman stressfully juggling a job, a college , and a child at home arranges a better sch w/ boss, calls 2 of her prof to change the due dates on major course assignments, and asks her day care provider for extended hours of care two evenings per week. | problem-focused coping |
| Anorexia nervosa is a severe disorder in which ______________. | individuals refuse to eat |
| The most common STI, the human papilloma virus (HPV), can produce ______________. | genital warts |
| Osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, is often caused by a lack of ______________ in the diet. | calcium |
| The following chronic diseases begins to routinely affect people in middle adulthood? | type 2 diabetes |
| The Type B behavior pattern is characterized by ______________ | patience |
| ______________ is defined as a progressive brain disorder that produces memory loss and confusion. | Alzheimer’s disease |
| Which of the following statements about breast feeding is true? | Breast milk offers some immunity to childhood diseases. |
| Which of the following statements about sexuality in middle adulthood is true? | For those who can—or choose to—enjoy it, sex contributes to wellness across the life span, a fact that applies to old age as well as to younger periods of life. |
| Which of the following 66-year-old women illustrates an environmental factor that may affect her susceptibility to serious illness ahead? | Bess knows the risks of smoking but continues to smoke a pack a day. |
| It is estimated that between ______________ percent of elderly people do not have adequate nutrition in the United States. | 15 and 50 |
| Piaget believed that the basic building blocks of our understanding of the world are mental structures called ____________, organized patterns of functioning that adapt and change with mental development. | schemes |
| In substage 4 of the sensorimotor period, infants begin to use __________, in which they combine and coordinate several schemes to generate a single act or solve a problem. | goal-directed behavior |
| The knowledge that develops in the preschool years that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects is called ____________. | conservation |
| In middle childhood, children begin to apply __________ to solve concrete problems. | logical operations |
| _____________ is reasoning that allows adolescents to use abstract logic in the absence of concrete examples. | propositional thought |
| Critics of Piaget believe his timeline for the development of both __________ is too late. | object permanence and conservation |
| Research shows that the progress of cognitive development cannot be understood without considering a child’s ____________. | culture |
| Labouvie-Vief believes cognitive development continues beyond adolescence. Her theory of ___________ thought acknowledges that adult problems must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms. | postformal |
| Perry found that students entering college tended to engage in ______________ thinking, regarding everything as either right or wrong and people as good or bad. | dualistic |
| According to Schaie’s stages of cognitive development, young adults’ focus shifts from the future to the here-and-now as they enter the __________ stage. | achieving |
| Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as the product of ____________. | social interactions |
| According to Vygotsky, ______________ establish the institutions that promote development by providing opportunities for cognitive growth. | culture and society |
| Vygotsky refers to the assistance or structuring provided by parents, teachers, or skilled peers as ____________. | scaffolding |
| According to Vygotsky, cognitive development occurs when new information is presented by an adult or skilled peer within a child’s ____________. | zone of proximal development |
| Vygotsky’s theory is sometimes criticized for overlooking how basic cognitive processes such as _________________ develop. | attention and memory |
| ____________ is the process by which material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used. | retrieval |
| Without conscious thought, children develop the ability to link together stimuli that occur simultaneously, thereby developing an understanding of concepts. This process is an example of ____________. | automatization |
| According to the three-system model, it is in the ______________ that thoughtful, deliberate information processing first takes place. | short-term memory |
| ______________ are stimuli, such as words, images, smells, or sounds, that people use to search and locate information stored in long-term memory. | retrieval cues |
| Which of the following summarizes the key principle of information processing theories of development? | With age and practice, children’s thinking gradually becomes more sophisticated. |
| The increasing ability as children age to tune into certain stimuli while tuning out of others is the result of the increasing ______________ that comes with age. | control of attention |
| In general, researchers believe that, compared to memory processing in adults, memory processing in young children is ______________. | generally similar |
| Recent memory research among infants, children, and adults shows that _____________. | the physical trace of a memory in the brain is relatively permanent across all ages |
| Antony repeats information that he wants to recall over and over until he can recite it from memory. This is an example of _____________. | a memory control strategy |
| Arletta used to believe that she could simply look at a group of vocabulary words once and remember them. Now she realized that she has to practice them. This is evidence that Arletta has developed ______________ skills. | metamemory |
| When questioned repeatedly, children are likely to describe with confidence events and situations that never happened. These descriptions are referred to as _____________. | false memories |
| When questioning children for legal purposes, the accuracy of their recollections can be improved by _____________. | using a neutral setting, not a courtroom or police office, for questioning |
| Compared with code-based approaches to reading instruction, whole-language approaches focus more on _____________. | making context-based guesses about word meanings |
| Which of the following is a critical thinking skill? | Weighing alternative solutions to given problems |
| One clear advantage of the information processing approach over the approaches of Piaget and Vygotsky is its ____________. | reliance on precise concepts that can be tested by research |
| __________ are the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences. | semantics |
| When two-year-old Helena says, “My socks on,” rather than “I put on my socks,” she is using _____________. | telegraphic speech |
| In the months spanning their third birthday, the number of ways children combine words and phrases to form sentences, known as ________, doubles each month. | syntax |
| ___________ is the aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately with other. | pragmatics |
| Children’s understanding of their own use of language, referred to as _____________, is one of the most significant developments in middle childhood. | metalinguistic awareness |
| The _______________ approach to language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning. | learning theory |
| Chomsky’s analysis suggests that all the world’s languages share a similar underlying structure he calls | universal grammar |
| According to the __________________ , language development comes about through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances. | interactionist perspective |
| The proposition that language shapes and may even determine the ways people in a particular culture perceive and understand the world is known as the | linguistic-relativity hypothesis |
| Unlike Whorf, Piaget believed that | thinking shapes language. |
| Infant-directed speech is | basically similar across cultures. |
| In infant-directed speech, parents tend to use twice as many _____________ with their daughters than with their sons. | diminutives |
| The greater the ____________ children have been exposed to, the better they perform on a variety of measures of intellectual achievement at age three. | number and variety of words |
| __________ is the educational approach that teaches English language learners solely in English. | Immersion |
| Bilingual speakers show _______________ than students who speak only one language. | greater cognitive flexibility and metalinguistic awareness |
| Which of the following is an important legacy left by Alfred Binet’s work on intelligence testing? | a focus on linking intelligence with academic success |
| In the ______________, an orally administered test, young children may be asked questions about their everyday activities or asked to copy complex figures. | Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale |
| Which of the following is an advantage of group-administered tests over individually administered tests? | They are more efficient and less expensive to administer. |
| A test is considered to have ______________ when it produces consistent results each time it is administered. | reliability |
| When it comes to intelligence, some people say there is no substitute for experience. Which concept reflects this perspective? | crystallized intelligence |
| One advantage of measures of information processing in infants, such as speed of processing and visual recognition memory, over developmental measures is that information processing assessments | are better predictors of future IQ scores. |
| An assessment of a student’s knowledge of the Spanish language is an example of a(n) ______________ test. | achievement |
| A language arts test that uses examples of bus and subway schedules to measure reading comprehension is likely to favor members of which group? | students from urban communities |
| Schaie’s study of intelligence in older people found that, in general, as people age | crystallized intelligence remains steady. |
| One problem with using cross-sectional studies to investigate intelligence across different ages is that results may be skewed by | cohort effects. |
| According to the principles of ______________, children with special needs are taught in the regular classroom except in cases where their exceptionality would affect their learning. | mainstreaming |
| With appropriate training, people with mild intellectual disability | can function independently and hold jobs. |
| The largest group of people with intellectual disabilities have ______________ disabilities. | mild |
| Research on giftedness has found that gifted people tend to be ______________ than their non-gifted peers. | healthier |
| Shawna’s gifted and talented program permits her to move through the curriculum at her own pace and even to skip a grade, if she shows the ability to do so. Her program uses the ______________ approach. | acceleration |
| Lifespan development examines patterns of growth, change, and _______________ in human behavior across the life span. | stability |
| Developmentalists who study the effects of home schooling on academic performance are examining _________________ development. | cognitive |
| Robin grew up in a public housing project in Chicago. Grant grew up at the same time in an affluent suburb of Chicago. When Robin and Grant meet in college, we can expect that in general they will | share history-graded influences but differ in sociocultural-graded influences |
| Compared to young children, adults have a much harder time learning a new language. Researchers studying this phenomenon are mainly addressing which key issue in development? | Critical versus sensitive periods |
| In the nature versus nurture discussion, the term nurture refers to | environmental influences. |
| Proponents of which major theoretical perspective believe that behavior is largely motivated by subconscious inner forces and memories? | Psychodynamic |
| Proponents of which major theoretical perspective believe that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment? | behavioral |
| According to Piaget, human thought is arranged in organized mental patterns, called __________, that represent behaviors and actions. | schemes |
| Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of __________ ____________ between members of a culture. | social interactions |
| The ____________ perspective identifies behaviors that are the result of genetic inheritance. | evolutionary |
| The __________ is the process of posing and answering research questions using controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data. | scientific method |
| ____________ studies seek to identify whether an association or relationship exists between two factors. | correlational |
| The strength and direction of a relationship between two factors is represented by a(n) ____________. | correlation coefficient |
| ____________ is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge, whereas ____________ is meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems. | Theoretical research/applied research |
| A __________ is the underlying combination of genetic material present (but outwardly invisible) in an organism. | genotype |
| The field of __________ __________ studies the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics, such as personality and habits. | behavioral genetics |
| __________ __________ is a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair. | down syndrome |
| A(n) ______________occurs when pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the mother’s womb | miscarriage |
| _______________, defined as death within the first year of life, occurs in 6.17 out of 1,000 live births. | infant mortality |
| One of the most important ways behavior becomes integrated is through the development of various body __________, which are repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior. | rhythms |
| Secondary sex characteristics are the ____________ that do not involve the sex organs directly. | visible signs of sexual maturity |
| Projections suggest that by 2050, people age 65 and over will account for nearly ____________ of the population. | one quarter |
| During the preschool period, a child’s ______________ grow(s) faster than any other part of the body. | brain |
| As children grow, the two halves of the brain become increasingly differentiated and specialized in a process called ________________. | lateralization |
| The infant’s tendency to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek is known as the ________________ reflex. | rooting |
| Advances in gross motor skills are related to _______________ in areas of the brain related to balance and coordination. | brain development and myelination of neurons |
| _________________ is an example of a fine motor skill that infants typically master within the first year. | Picking up small objects |
| he _____________ approach to perception considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated. | multimodal |
| The ability of young infants to make fine discriminations between sounds is particularly important in the development of the ability to understand _____________. | language |
| ______________ is the field that studies the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors. | Psychoneuroimmunology |
| Obesity is defined as weight greater than ______________ percent above the average for a given height. | 20 |
| Physical declines brought about by an individual’s behavioral choices or environmental factors are referred to as ______________ aging. | secondary |
| Which of the following is a psychological factor in determining a person’s susceptibility to serious illness as aging occurs? | A sense of control over one’s living environment |
| According to Piaget, ___________ is the process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking. | assimilation |
| Piaget believed the major achievement of the final substage in the sensorimotor stage is ____________. | symbolic thought |
| One hallmark of the preoperational stage is _____________, thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others. | egocentric thought |
| Critics of Piaget note that his theory of cognitive development overlooks the _________________ systems that are present from early infancy. | sensory and perceptual |
| Research suggests Piaget may have erred in asserting that preschoolers have little understanding of ___________, as shown by their inability to grasp conservation and reversibility. | numbers |
| ____________ thinking takes into account that issues are not always clear-cut, and makes use of argument, counterargument, and debate. | dialectical |
| Schaie’s final stage of cognitive development, the __________ stage, occurs in late adulthood as people focus on tasks that have personal meaning. | reintegrative |
| Vygotsky believed that societal expectations about __________ play a role in how children come to understand the world. | gender |
| According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost but not fully perform a task independently (but can do so with assistance), is the child’s __________. | zone of proximal development |
| According to the three-system model, the ______________ is the initial process by which information is very briefly held before further processing. | sensory store |
| The key difference between information processing and Piagetian approaches is that information processing approaches focus on ______________. | quantitative rather than qualitative changes |
| Four-year-old Carla is engaged in playing with a toy truck, while her 10-year-old brother Vincent is wrapped up in a book. The truck and the book are said to be different ______________ stimuli for each child. | attention-holding |
| As they grow older, children begin to recall memories in terms of ______________, which are general representations in memory of a sequence or series of events. | scripts |
| Compared with whole-language approaches to reading instruction, code-based approaches focus more on ______________. | sounding out letters and words to discover their meaning |
| Which of the following is a critical thinking skill? | identifying and questioning assumptions in statements |
| The basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences are called ___________. | phonemes |
| A mother who rewards a child for making a sound that approximates ma is an example of which perspective on language acquisition? | learning theory approach |
| The ______________ approach to language acquisition posits that children are born with the innate capacity to use language, which emerges as they mature. | nativist |
| That the course of language development depends on the language to which a child has been exposed and the reinforcement the child receives for using language in a specific way is a key feature of the __________________ on language acquisition. | interactionist perspective |
| The ___________________ hypothesis suggests that language provides categories that help children construct perceptions of people and events in their surroundings. | linguistic-relativity |
| Vygotsky believed that by age 2, the development of thought and language have become ____________. | interdependent |
| The use of rising pitch, singsong intonation, repetitive sounds, and short, simple sentences are all characteristics of ____________. | infant-directed speech |
| One characteristic of Alfred Binet’s classic work on intelligence testing that has survived to the present day is | a pragmatic rather than theoretical approach to measuring intelligence. |
| The process by which older people focus on particular areas of strength to compensate for declines in other areas is called ____________. | selective optimization |
| According to professional classifications, an intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and | adaptive behavior. |
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