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Lifespan Final
Chapters 9-15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| One-year-olds show four major attachment patterns: secure, avoidant, ________ and disorganized-disoriented. | ambivalent |
| Communication that involves _________, in which the mother and child experience matching emotional states, helps to produce a beneficial attachment pattern. | interactional synchrony |
| In situations where the development of attachment has been severely disrupted, children may suffer from _________________, usually as the result of abuse or neglect. | reactive attachment disorder |
| At ______ months of age, infants generally learn to present and accept toys. | 9-12 months |
| _____________ fire not only when a child enacts a particular behavior but also when the child simply observes another person carrying out the same behavior. | mirror neurons |
| ______________, the wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person, arises as an infant’s capacity for memory increases. | stranger anxiety |
| At eight to nine months, infants begin to use _______________, the intentional search for information about others’ feelings, to help clarify the meaning of uncertain situations. | social referencing |
| The ability to genuinely experience the emotions of others, known as ________, develops in middle childhood. | empathy |
| Being unpopular, having few close friends, and rejection are all associated with adolescent | depression |
| _______________ theory suggests happiness in late adulthood involves a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels. | Disengagement |
| _______________ describes the relationship between a child’s particular temperament and the nature and demands of the child’s environment. | Goodness of fit |
| Erikson’s theory is built on the __________________ which suggests that unconscious influences affect our behavior. | psychodynamic perspective |
| According to Erikson, we pass through the __________________ stage in the first 18 months of life, the outcome of which largely depends on how well our caretakers have met our needs. | trust-versus-mistrust |
| Most research has not found support for Levinson theory that adults in their forties experience a ______________, a stage of uncertainty and indecision as they realize that their time on earth is finite. | midlife crisis |
| Which of the following are some of the Big Five personality traits? | conscientiousness and extroversion |
| __________ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular, special individual. | attachment |
| The attachment style where infants appear indifferent to their mother’s behavior is known as | avoidant |
| __________ is one example of 14-month-old infants’ social interactions with peers. | imitation |
| Izard found that _________________ are present at birth, and other emotions emerge over the next few months. | interest, distress, and disgust |
| By the age of four months, infants use _______________ to interpret others’ facial expressions. | nonverbal decoding |
| As children grow and the brain matures, they develop _________________ as they become more insightful about the motives and reasons behind people’s behavior. | theory of mind |
| Trying to think differently about a situation you’ve encountered to make it feel less troubling is a strategy used in ______________. | emotional self-regulation |
| Girls’ higher rates of depression in adolescence may reflect gender differences in coping with ________. | stress |
| Carla, 70, enjoys swimming laps at the city pool, traveling to new foreign countries, and having lunch with friends each week. Carla’s lifestyle is an example of ______ theory. | activity |
| _____________ refers to how children behave rather than what they do or why they do it. | temperament |
| Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development suggests that developmental change occurs throughout life in ____ distinct stages, starting in infancy. | 8 |
| In Erikson’s ________________ stage, preschoolers face conflicts between their desire to act independently of their parents and the guilt that comes from the unintended consequences of their actions. | initiative-versus-guilt |
| Which of the following, according to Peck, is one of the developmental tasks of late adulthood? | redefinition-of-self-versus-preoccupation-with-work-role |
| _________ are enduring dimensions of personality characteristics along which people differ. | Traits |
| _________________ suggests that personality traits that were beneficial to the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors were likely to have been maintained and passed on. | The evolutionary approach |
| ______________, or knowledge of oneself, begins to grow in infants around the age of 12 months, while ______________, the set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals, develops in the preschool years. | Self-awareness; self-concept |
| Early in life, infants begin to develop a ______________, defined as knowledge and beliefs about their own and others’ mental processes. | theory of mind |
| In comparison with their self-concepts in middle childhood, adolescents begin to ______________. | differentiate their own views of themselves from others’ views |
| According to James Marcia, adolescents who, after exploring identity alternatives, have not committed to any one of them are in the ______________ stage of identity development. | moratorium |
| The culturally determined sense of timing that signals and records major milestones in adults’ lives is referred to as the ______________ of adulthood. | social clock |
| While self-concept reflects beliefs and thoughts about the self, self-esteem is focused more on ______________ considerations. | emotional |
| What is one reason that the self-esteem of adolescent girls is lower than that of adolescent boys? | High school girls often have to choose between academic success and social success. |
| What is the primary source of social comparison for adolescents? | Peer groups |
| Layla wants to do well at softball but keeps missing the ball and striking out. Now she never expects to do well when she comes to bat, and sure enough, she continues to strike out. Layla is caught in a ______________. | cycle of failure |
| A ______________ is a group of people that presents a set of norms against which adolescents can judge their abilities and social success, whether or not they belong to that group. | reference group |
| According to Ginsburg’s theory of career choice, people begin to weigh job requirements, their own abilities and interests, and their personal values and goals in the ______________ period. | tentative |
| Traditionally, still today, women are considered to be more suited to ______________ professions associated w/ interpersonal relationships, and men are considered to be more suited to ______________ professions associated w/ getting things accomplished. | communal/agentic |
| While people who work for tangible rewards, such as money or prestige, are said to have ______________ motivation, those who work for their own enjoyment or fulfillment are said to have ______________ motivation. | extrinsic/intrinsic |
| Job satisfaction has been found to be higher when workers have ______________. | input into the nature and operation of their jobs |
| Frustration and disillusionment with one’s job is frequently a symptom of ______________, the feeling that one’s efforts are inadequate to solve vast societal problems. | burnout |
| An infant who fusses and kicks when a parent enters the room to signal that she is hungry is demonstrating an understanding that parents are ______________, self-directed beings who can respond to requests. | compliant agents |
| Which of the following aspects of a child’s self-concept develops first? | gender |
| International studies of infants show that the timing of the development of self-recognition is strongly influenced by ______________. | the cultural environment |
| The ability to distinguish the views of others from their own views in defining their identities typically begins to develop during ______________. | adolescence |
| According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are in the ______________ stage of development. | identity-versus-identity confusion |
| According to James Marcia, adolescents who have committed to an identity without having explored alternatives are in the ______________ stage of identity development. | identity foreclosure |
| Minority group members who draw on their own culture while integrating themselves into the dominant culture are examples of the ______________ model. | bicultural identity |
| According to psychiatrist George Vaillant, young adults reach a stage called ______________, in which they focus on their professional achievements. | career consolidation |
| During middle childhood, self-esteem becomes more ______________ | differentiated |
| During adolescence, self-concept becomes increasingly accurate. What effect does this have on adolescents’ self-esteem? | It leads to a clearer self-assessment, which may be positive or negative. |
| Thad, a low-achieving stud, comp his school grades w/ those of less-able stud in his class, while Jason, a high-achiever, comp his grades w/ his academic peers. Thad higher academic self-esteem than Jason. Thad’s strategy in this regard is known as _____ | downward social comparison |
| According to John Holland’s Personality Type Theory, people who have the ______________ personality type are most appropriate for highly structured occupations, such as clerk and bank teller. | conventional |
| Which of the following statements about immigrants in the United States is true? | Over time, immigrants contribute more to the economy than they take away. |
| Compared with younger workers, middle-aged workers are more interested in ______________. | the practical qualities of the work situation, such as pay |
| Which of the following statements to an older woman applying for a job is an example of age discrimination? | Sorry, but we’re looking for new ideas and high energy in our workforce. |
| Six-year-old Lida’s offer to share her lunch with a classmate who has forgotten to bring a lunch is an example of ___________________. | prosocial behavior |
| In Kohlberg’s ___________________, moral reasoning follows rigid rules based on punishments or rewards. | preconventional morality |
| Kohlberg’s theory has proven problematic in explaining ___________________. | girls’ moral development |
| According to ___________________, moral reasoning needs to be considered in the context in which judgments are being made at a given time. | the social domain approach |
| Which explains factor that could explain why children raised in cultures, which children are taught to cooperate with other family mem to do chores or help in the upbringing of younger child. (Kenya, Mex, + the Philippines) show prosocial behavior? | Childrearing styles |
| ___________ is the sense of attachment to some higher power, such as God, nature, or a sacred entity. | Spirituality |
| Borrowing from Piaget’s approach to cognitive development, ____________ is the stage in which children are able to think more abstractly, allowing them to understand the meaning of Bible stories and pictures, and to draw inferences from them. | formal operational religious thought |
| Which of these is a benefit of religion? | a perspective on one’s personal misfortunes |
| In Fowler’s _________________ stage of faith development, people in early and middle adulthood come to understand that their views are one of many and that multiple views of God are possible. | individuative-reflective |
| The relationship between religious meaning and _____________ is stronger for African Americans than Caucasians. | life satisfaction |
| Children tend to act less aggressively as they mature and develop ___________________. | emotional self-regulation |
| Erica is envious of Sara’s new sparkly red shoes. On the playground, she tells Sara she can’t play with Erica and her friends because she’s too fat. This is an example of ___________________. | relational aggression |
| ______________ approaches to aggression suggests that examining preschoolers’ interpretations of others’ behavior and the environmental context in which a behavior occurs is key to understanding moral development. | Cognitive |
| Which of the following is a predictor of spousal abuse? | High level of verbal aggression |
| Spanking is associated with ___________________. | poor parent–child relationships and anti-social behavior |
| __________ approaches to moral development focus on how the environment in which a person operates produces moral behavior. | Social learning |
| People in Kohlberg’s level of ____________ morality rely upon universal moral principles that are broader than the rules of the particular society in which they live. | postconventional |
| According to Carol Gilligan, boys are raised to view morality primarily in terms of broad principles, whereas girls are raised to regard morality in terms of ____________. | responsibility to others |
| The three major contexts which influence moral reasoning at any given time, according to the social domain approach, are ____________. | moral, social-conventional, and personal |
| Prosocial behavior tends to be most often exhibited by children raised in cultures that ____________. | foster cooperation |
| Which of the following is the parenting style in which parents are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way | Authoritative |
| Although most Americans report having some religious affiliation, such affiliation is not fixed. More than ________ say they have left the faith in which they were raised and become affiliated with another. | one-fourth |
| ___________ are the qualities people see as most desirable and important. | Values |
| In Fowler’s _______________ stage of faith development, elderly adults develop a broad, inclusive view of religion and all humanity. | conjunctive |
| Derek watches Stephan play with a new dump truck, one with a crank to lift the back, and doors that really open. Suddenly, Derek swoops down and yanks the truck away, shouting at Stephan that it’s his truck now. This is an example of ____________. | instrumental aggression |
| Which of the following is a characteristic of students prone to committing school violence? | low tolerance for frustration |
| Jessica watches Brandon punch Tim bc Tim took long at the drinking fountain. The next day, Jessica slaps Eleanor bc Eleanor sat in the blue chair Jessica wanted during singing circle. Jessica’s aggressive behavior is explained by which of the following? | The social learning approach |
| Longitudinal studies have found that preferences for violent television shows at age eight are related to _____________ by age 30. | seriousness of criminal convictions |
| Three stages often occur in marital aggression. In order, they are _______. | the tension building stage, the acute battering incident, and the loving contrition stage |
| Like the social learning theory, the _______________ suggests that family aggression is perpetuated from one generation to another by example. | cycle of violence hypothesis |
| Which of the following statements about gender differences has been shown to be accurate? | Parents play differently with baby sons than with baby daughters. |
| In the preschool years, children’s expectations about gender behaviors ______________. | are more stereotyped than at other points in life |
| One possible biological explanation of gender differences is that the bundle of nerves that connects the hemispheres of the brain, called the ______________, is proportionally larger in females than in males. | corpus callosum |
| According to ______________ approaches to gender development, boys and girls acquire their understanding of gender expectations and behavior by watching others, including neighbors, friends, and characters in books and other media. | social learning |
| A gender ______________ is a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender. | schema |
| Which of the following is a consequence of early maturation? | In girls, it can bring increased popularity and self-esteem. |
| Most experts believe that sexual orientation is the product of a complex combination of ______________ factors. | genetic, physiological, and environmental |
| While sexual orientation refers to the direction of one’s sexual interests, ______________ refers to the gender that a person believes he or she is psychologically. | gender identity |
| Which of the following is a factor in the recent decrease in teenage pregnancies in the United States? | the increased use of condoms and other forms of contraception |
| For many people, middle adulthood brings increased sexual enjoyment and freedom because they are suddenly | free to have sex without fear of interruption by children |
| Dating typically begins in early adolescence, but it is only in later adolescence that dating generally leads to | genuine mutual intimacy. |
| According to Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love, a relationship that lacks intimacy and commitment, but includes passion, is an example of ______________ love. | infatuated |
| Shaver’s research on attachment styles + romantic relationships sug people who simultaneously want + avoid closeness w/ another person, + constantly worried that their partners may leave them tend to reflect a(n) ______________ childhood atchment style. | ambivalent |
| More women than men regard cohabitation as a(n) ___________. | step toward marriage |
| Research on marriage shows that couples in successful marriages tend to | have realistic expectations about their partners. |
| Which of the following is evidence of a genetic involvement in gender differences in infants? | Girls exposed to androgen before birth preferred “male” toys to “female” toys. |
| Both boys and girls have developed a clear preference for playing with same-sex playmates by age | 3 years |
| Some biologically oriented developmentalists, using ______________ theory, believe that gender roles developed because forceful males and nurturing females were more likely to find partners, have offspring, and pass on these traits to their babies. | evolutionary |
| According to Freud’s ______________ theory, boys and girls identify with their same-sex parent and naturally adopt their parents’ gender attitudes and values. | pyschoanalytic |
| Gender ______________, the awareness that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed biological factors, develops by age 4 or 5. | constancy |
| The noticeable bodily changes that accompany puberty are more often a source of ______________ for teenage girls than for teenage boys. | embarrassment |
| Recent research shows that around ______________ percent of adolescents have had sex before the age of 20. | 70 |
| Recent studies of sexuality estimate that between ______________ percent of men and women are exclusively homosexual during extended periods of their lives. | 4 and 10 |
| People who feel that they are trapped in the body of the other gender are referred to as | transsexuals |
| Around ______________ percent of men and women age 45 to 59 report having sexual intercourse about once a week or more. | 50 |
| At what point during adolescence is true intimacy while dating more common? | late adolescence |
| What components are necessary for romantic love? | passion and intimacy |
| The marriage gradient motivates women to seek men who are ______________ than they are. | higher in status |
| One of the main reasons why some people choose not to marry is the | need for autonomy and independence. |
| Which of the following is one of these reasons that the midlife divorce rate has been rising? | Divorce is increasingly viewed as a chance to enhance personal happiness. |
| By the time children are four, they engage in ____________ play, manipulating objects to produce or build something. | constructive |
| In the third stage of friendship, which begins toward the end of middle childhood (ages 11 to 15), friendship is based on | psychological closeness |
| By associating primarily with other members of their own group, members of minority groups are able to affirm their own | identity |
| ______________ adolescents are liked by some of their peers and disliked by others. | controversial |
| In most families, teenagers’ ______________ grows gradually over the course of adolescence. | autonomy |
| Which of the following is a factor in successfully surviving the stress that develops in marriage after the birth of a child? | regarding problems as controllable and solvable |
| In the United States, more than ________ of births to women under age 30 now occur outside of marriage. | 1/2 |
| Pressures to simultaneously hold down a job while raising children have convinced many women to | have fewer children |
| Living in a blended family can be challenging because of __________, a situation in which roles and expectations are unclear. | role ambiguity |
| As is true for heterosexual couples, when gay and lesbian couples become parents, a ___________ often develops. | specialization of roles |
| The term helicopter parents refers to parents who | constantly intervene in their children’s lives |
| Caring for one’s aging parents can be psychologically tricky because | of the significant degree of role reversal in the relationship |
| Adults who are actively engaged in taking care of their grandchildren are called ______________ grandparents. | involved |
| Which of Schlossberg’s identified six basic paths of retirement describes those who use retirement as a time to explore entirely new pursuits? | adventurers |
| Elderly nursing home residents are likely to avoid _____________, a psychological apathy about their lives, if they have control over key aspects of daily life. | institutionalism |
| Which of the following is a type of play in which children are not interacting with each other? | parallel play |
| The rigid rankings of group members that typify friend networks among boys are known as the | dominance hierarchy |
| As boys and girls move into puberty, the _____________ typical in middle childhood ends. | sex cleavage |
| Popular adolescents generally possess __________, which would make them good diplomats. | high emotional intelligence |
| By the end of adolescence, power and influence between parent and child have become | more balanced |
| Which of the following is a factor in adults' choice of friends? | geographical proximity. |
| Which of the following is a risk for children raised in poverty? | poor academic performance. |
| Close to ___________ of families with children are headed by single parents. | 1/4 |
| Which of the following is one of the factors that impacts the ultimate consequences for children living in a single-parent household? | economic status of the family |
| Most research suggests that children raised in gay and lesbian households _____________________ when compared with children raised in heterosexual households. | show no differences in adjustment |
| Which of the following statements about the empty nest syndrome is true? | Feelings of sadness and distress are temporary and mild. |
| ___________ is the main reason that young adults become boomerang children. | Inability to earn enough money to make it alone |
| Parents have a greater _________________ in keeping close ties with their children than children have with their parents because parents view children as perpetuating their beliefs, values, and standards. | developmental stake |
| Women age 65 and over are almost twice as likely to __________ than men of the same age. | live in poverty |
| An institution that provides elderly residents with various levels of care over the remainder of their lives, from separate apartments to full-time medical care, is called a | continuing-care community |
| The percentage of children enrolled in preschool programs in the United States _________ other countries. | lags behind |
| ______________ preschools, developed in Italy, use a carefully designed set of materials to create an environment that fosters sensory, motor, and language development through play. | Montessori |
| In general, early-enrolling children who are younger than their classmates | progress at the same rate as their older peers |
| Parents can best create an atmosphere that promotes successful entry into elementary school by | encouraging their children’s problem-solving skills. |
| Which of the following statements about gender bias in higher education are true? | Men in college classrooms are called on more often than women. |
| Compared to white suburban adolescents, poor, urban, African American adolescents spend more time on ______________ activities. | leisure |
| Research shows that adolescents who multitask, performing several tasks simultaneously, tend to | produce more errors than non-multitasking adolescents. |
| The technological medium to which adolescents are exposed most often is | television |
| As people move from early adulthood into midlife, they typically begin to place a higher priority on | social relationships |
| People in middle adulthood typically report that, compared with earlier in life, the pace of their lives is | about the same |
| When two or more different groups of people come into sustained contact, they make changes and adjustments known as | acculturation |
| Moving back and forth between the majority and minority cultures according to the particular situation that one is in is called | code switching |
| The sense of ethnic identity is likely to be strongest in which of the following? | a Mexican-American stockbroker |
| Which of the following is one of the effects of poverty? | poor medical care |
| ______________ is a set of beliefs and expectations about members of a group simply because they belong to that group. | A stereotype |
| One major reason for the recent rise in preschool educational opportunities in the United States is that | both parents in a substantial number of families work outside the home. |
| Which of the following is a characteristic of high-quality child care? | a rich language environment involving a lots of interaction |
| Children whose entry into first grade has been delayed so they can be older than most of their classmates | may show emotional and behavioral problems in adolescence. |
| Compared to their peers in traditional schooling, children who have been home schooled generally | have comparable college acceptance rates |
| Which of the following is one of the major reasons why adults are participating in higher education in greater numbers? | They want to acquire skills to prepare for their future retirement. |
| Compared to time spent on productive and maintenance activities, suburban, white, middle-class adolescents typically spend about ______________ percent of their time on leisure activities. | 50 |
| The human brain handles multitasking by | switching back and forth between tasks. |
| Television that shows women with large breasts, small waists, and slender legs represented as an ideal is likely to have negative consequences on which area? | body image |
| In general, people who have adequate resources to choose early retirement | take up a variety of new activities that keep them busy. |
| According to measures of the average pace of life, ______________ has a quicker pace of life than the United States. | Italy |
| When different cultures come together, one result may be that people identify with neither their own minority culture nor the majority culture. This is called | marginalization. |
| Minority ethnicity group members who embrace the dominant culture often have a ______________, in which they regard themselves simultaneously as part of the dominant culture and their own culture of origin. | bicultural identity |
| According to psychologist Jean Phinney, people who have developed a clear sense of their ethnicity and are proud of it are in the ______________ stage of ethnic identity. | achieved ethnic identity |
| Compared with those in other countries, U.S. government-supported public assistance programs for families in poverty are | less generous. |
| Noticing that two of her friends from elementary school are seated at the “cool girls” table in the front row of the cafeteria, Samantha tries to sit with them. She is coldly told that the table is full. The “cool girls” apparently regard themselves as | an ingroup |
| The absence of a heartbeat and breathing is the definition of ______________ death. | functional |
| The death of a young child is especially difficult for parents to bear because of their feelings of ______________. | guilt at what they interpret as a failure of responsibility |
| A significant drop in cognitive performance that foreshadows death in old age is known as ______________. | terminal decline |
| Compared to Sunni Muslim and Druze children, Christian and Jewish children view death in terms of _________. | a scientific viewpoint, seeing death as a cessation of physical activity |
| In the United States, death education is commonly provided to ______________. | members of the helping professions |
| According to Kübler-Ross, people who lash out at others or at God after a diagnosis of death are in the ______________ stage of dying. | anger |
| One positive outcome that has been observed among people who have engaged in the bargaining process while dying is ______________. | the power to change one’s life in beneficial, lasting ways |
| A major criticism of Kübler-Ross’s theory is that ______________. | not everyone passes through all the stages once and in sequence |
| Which of the following is one of the significant problems with Do Not Resuscitate orders (DNRs)?______________. | medical personnel are reluctant to act on DNRs |
| Hospice care | focuses on making people’s final days comfortable |
| The universal function of funeral rites across cultures is to ______________. | provide an occasion for sharing grief and comfort |
| The fact that the initial stage of grief usually includes numbness may be beneficial because it ______________. | permits the survivor to accomplish emotionally difficult post-death tasks |
| In the second stage of grief, people begin to ______________. | fully realize their loss and experience their grief |
| Some people experience ______________, a type of mourning that persists for months or even years. | complicated grief |
| The people who are most likely to have adjustment difficulties and health problems after a death are those who ______________. | show the most intense distress after the death |
| The legal definition of death in most U.S. states is ______________. | absence of brain functioning |
| Children come to accept the universality and finality of death at around age ______________. | 9 |
| Because of a developmental belief in their invulnerability, the typical response of adolescents to the possibility that they may have a terminal illness is ______________. | angry denial |
| Specific cultural values lead to viewing death as | all of these |
| People who study death and dying are known as ______________. | thanatologists |
| If a student is killed or commits suicide, it is common for schools to provide ______________ education. | crisis intervention |
| According to Kübler-Ross, people who vow to live better lives if they do not die are in the ______________ stage of dying. | bargaining |
| According to Kübler-Ross, people who have made peace with their impending death are in the ______________ stage of dying. | acceptance |
| Dying people who feel deep sadness over future losses, such as the fact that death will end their good relationships with others, are experiencing ______________ depression. | preparatory |
| Care for the dying that is provided in institutions specifically reserved for terminally ill patients is called ______________ care. | hospice |
| The main reason that most people choose expensive and elaborate funerals for their loved ones is that ______________ such services. | social norms and customs call for |
| Which of the following statements about the grieving process is true? | Less than 30 percent of people experience deep depression after a loved one dies. |
| The stage of grief in which people accept the death and begin to construct new identities is called the ______________ stage. | accomodation |
| Which of the following is an effective way to help a child cope with grief? | Provide reassurance that the child is not to blame. |
| A legal document in which a person expresses his or her wishes relating to death is called a ______________. | living will |
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