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McCrary Unit 9
Devlopmental Psych Unit AP Psychology, 18-19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| developmental psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan |
| nature vs nurture | argument of how much genes predispose our reactions and the way we think/learn/act, interrelationships determine our choices/predispositions |
| continuity and stages | the concept that human development is a slow, continuous shaping process |
| stability and change | we experience varying degrees of stability and change in our life. Temperament is stable, and as people grow older personality gradually stabilizes. Social attitudes, confidence(adolescence) change |
| zygote | the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo |
| embryo | the developing human organism from about 2 weeks through the second month |
| teratogens | (monster maker) agents, such as chemicals/viruses, that can reach the embryo/fetus during prenatal development and cause them harm |
| fetus | the developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth |
| fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS) | physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out of proportion head and abnormal facial features |
| rooting reflex | when something touches a baby's cheek babies turn towards that touch, open their mouths, and root for a nipple |
| habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure a visual stimulus, and their interest wanes /they look away sooner |
| maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience |
| pruning process | a use it or lose it process shuts down unused links/strengthens others |
| infantile amnesia | our earliest memories seldom predate our third birthday |
| cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
| assimilation | interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas |
| accommodation | adapting our current understandings(schemas) to incorporate new info |
| Piaget's theory of cognitive development | cognitive development has four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
| sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage(birth-2 years), during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities |
| object permeneance | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived |
| preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage(2-6 or 7) during which a child learns language but dies not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic |
| conservation | the principle(which Piaget believed to be part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects |
| egocentricism | in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view |
| theory of mind | people's ideas about their own/other's mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict |
| autism spectrum disorder(ASD) | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixed interests and repetitive behaviors |
| concrete operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage in cognitive development(6 or 7-11)during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events |
| formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development(beginning about 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
| stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning at about 8 mo. of age |
| attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation |
| Henry and Margaret Harlow | researchers who bred monkeys for learning studies-studied attachment, preferences, touch, normal development (cloth covered cages vs food givers) |
| critical period | an optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to a certain stimuli/experiences produces development |
| imprinting | the process by which certain animals form string attachments during an early-life critical period |
| temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
| basic trust | according to Erik Erikson, as sense that the world is predictable/trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers |
| self concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question: "who am I?" |
| authoritarian | parents that impose rules and expect obedience |
| permissive | parents who submit to their children's desires; few demands and little punishments |
| authoritative | parents who are both demanding and responsive. Exert authority by setting/enforcing rules, but also explain reasons for rules. With older kids, they encourage open discussion of rules and allow exceptions |
| gender | the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a person defines male and female |
| aggression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
| gender role | a set of expected behaviors for males or for females |
| role | a set of expectations(norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to act or behave |
| gender identity | our sense of being male or female |
| social learning theory | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating, and by being rewarded and punished |
| gender typing | the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role |
| transgender | an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity/expression differs from that associated with their birth sex |
| adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence |
| Kolberg's levels of moral thinking | 3 basic levels of moral thinking that occurs in developing people: pre conventional, conventional, and post conventional |
| pre conventional | the moral stage which is involved in self interest; obeying rules to avoid punishment |
| conventional | the moral stage in which one upholds laws/rules to gain social approval, maintain social order |
| post conventional | the moral stage in which one's actions reflect belief in basic rights , self-defined ethical principles; "explains the why" |
| identity | our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescents's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles |
| social identity | the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of the answer to "who am I" that comes from our group memberships |
| Erikson's stages of psychological development | infancy(trust/mistrust)toddlerhood(autonomy/shame)preschool(initiative/guilt)elementary school(competence/inferiority)adolescence(identity/role confusion)y. adulthood(intimacy/isolation)m. adulthood(generativity/stagnation)l. adulthood(integrity/despair) |
| intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood |
| emerging adulthood | for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid twenties bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood |
| X chromosome | the sex chromosome found in both men/women, females have 2, men 1. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female kid |
| Y chromosome | sex chromosome found in males. When paired with an x chromosome from mom it produces a male child |
| testosterone | most important of male sex hormones. Both males/females have it, but additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and development of male sex characteristics in puberty |
| puberty | the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing |
| primary sex characteristics | the body structures(ovaries, testes, external genitals), that make sexual reproduction possible |
| secondary sex characteristics | nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair |
| spermarche | landmark of puberty; the first ejaculation in boys/males |
| menarche | landmark of puberty in females; the first menstrual period |
| AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome) | a life threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving people vulnerable to infections |
| sexual orientation | an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex(homosexual orientation), the other sex(heterosexual orientation), or both sexes(bisexual orientation) |
| menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation, also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines |
| cross-sectional study | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another |
| longitudinal study | research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time |
| social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement |
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