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Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classical Conditioning | A type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that is naturally produces a response |
| Learning | The acquisition, from experience, of new knowledge, skills, or responses that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner |
| Habituation | A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding |
| Sensitization | A simple form of learning that occurs when presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus |
| Unconditioned stimulus (US) | Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism |
| Unconditioned Response (UR) | A reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus |
| Aquisition | The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | A previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with a US |
| Conditioned Response (RS) | A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus |
| Second-Order Conditioning | A type of learning where a CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure |
| Extinction | The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US |
| Generalization | The CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition |
| Discrimination | The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
| Biological Preparedness | A propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will repeat that behavior in the future |
| Law of Effect | The principles that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tends to be repeated, and those that produce" an unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated |
| Operant Behavior | Behavior that an organism preforms that has some impact on the environment |
| Reinforcer | Any stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
| Punisher | Any stimulus or event that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
| Positive | something that is added |
| Negative | Something that was taken away |
| Fixed-Interval Schedule (FI) | An operant conditioning principle whereby reinforcers are presented at a fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made |
| Variable-Interval Schedule (VI) | A behavior is reinforced on the basis of an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement |
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule (FR) | Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made |
| Variable-Ratio Schedule (VR) | The delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses |
| Intermittent Reinforcement | Whereby only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement |
| Intermittent Reinforcement Effect | The fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better that those maintained under continuous reinforcement |
| Shaping | Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior |
| Latent Learning | A process in which something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the futurer |
| Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the physical features of the environment |
Created by:
Jmenday
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