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EWT 1

EWT and Misleading Questions

TermDefinition
Schema A readiness to interpret sensory information based on existing knowledge, attitudes and stereotypes.
Bartlett (1932) Influence of Schemes. Participants changed recollection of a Navajo Indian story to fit a Western cultural viewpoint.
Key factors affecting EWT Misleading Information and Anxiety.
Two examples of misleading information Leading questions and post-event discussion
Leading questions A question that suggests to the witness what answer is desired OR leads the witness to the desired answer.
Post-event discussion Conversation between 2 witnesses or an interviewer and a witness which may contaminate witness memory for an event.
Misleading Information Supplying information that may lead to a witness memory for an event being altered.
Loftus and Palmer (1974) Leading questions, different verbs used in questions about film of a car accident.
Gabbert et al (2003) Post-event discussion. Pairs watched different videos of the same event, 71% of those who had discussed video with partner mistakenly recalled items acquired during discussion. Conformity effect
2 aspects of post-event discussion Conformity effect and Repeat interviewing.
Evaluation of inaccuracy of EWT. Support Much supporting research e.g. Loftus and Pickrell (2003) Advertising Bugs Bunny at Disneyland.
Evaluation of inaccuracy of EWT. Negative Lab experiments may not represent real life as people are not emotionally aroused or may not take it seriously
Foster et al (1994) If participants thought they were watching a real-life robbery and that their responses would influence a trial, their identification of a robber was more accurate.
Evaluation of inaccuracy of EWT. Real-life application. Support Wells and Orson 2003. Mistaken eyewitness identification was the largest factor contributing to conviction of innocent people , who were later exonerated by DNA evidence.
Evaluation of EWT accuracy. individual Differences Several studies have found that elderly people have more difficulty remembering the source of their information than younger people (although memory is accurate) and so are more prone to effect of misleading information.
Berkian and Bowers (1983) Found order of questions had a significant effect and so memory change was due to response bias not storage.
EWT Evidence provided by people recalling the event who were present when it took place.
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