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PSYCH PRNSLTY 2021
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian Psych. "Personality" Unit Flashcards 2021
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Briefly explain Turkheimer, (et. al’s) adoption study as it relates to parenting style and personality. | This study found that parenting style has much less impact on their children's personality than had been assumed previously. |
| How do parent’s choices influence their children’s personalities? | Parent choices, such as their choice of where the family will live, can have a major impact on their children's peer groups and other experiences, which shapes their personality(ies). |
| What did Turkheimer (et. al.) discover about the link between “specific genes and specific aspects of personality”? | This study found that "any link between specific genes and specific aspects of personality appear to be extraordinarily small". |
| What does the term "temperaments" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways. |
| What gender differences exist where early childhood temperament is concerned? | Studies have found that girls show stronger abilities to control their attention & resist impulses while boys are more physically active & experienced more high-intensity pleasure. But, there were no differences in negative emotions among girls & boys. |
| What does Sigmund Freud’s "Psychodynamic Theory of Personality" state? | This theory states that unconscious forces (ex: wishes & desires) determine behavior. |
| What does the term "defense mechanisms" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to unconscious mental strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety. |
| What are the differences between conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels of awareness according to Sigmund Freud? | Conscious = Thoughts that people are aware of. Preconscious = Content not currently in awareness but that could be brought to awareness. Unconscious = Material that the mind cannot easily retrieve. |
| How does the "defense mechanism" denial work? Give 1 example. | This occurs when a person refuses to acknowledge the source of their anxiety. EX: When an ill person ignores a doctor's medical advice for treatment. |
| How does the "defense mechanism" repression work? Give 1 example. | This occurs when a person excludes the source of their anxiety from their awareness. EX: When a person is unable to remember a very unpleasant event. |
| How does the "defense mechanism" displacement work? Give 1 example. | This occurs when a person shifts the attention of their emotion from one object to another. EX: When a person who has had a bad day at work comes home and yells at their children. |
| How do Behaviorists view personality? | This group of theorists views personality mainly as a set of learned responses to patterns of reinforcement. This includes a person's "expectancies" for reinforcement and the "values" they give to certain reinforcers. |
| What does the term "internal locus-of-control" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the idea that some people believe that they can bring about their own rewards. |
| What does the term "external locus-of-control" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the idea that some people believe rewards - and therefore their own fates - result from forces that they cannot control. |
| How do Humanists view personality? | This group of theorists emphasizes personal experience, belief systems, the "uniqueness of the human condition", and the inherent goodness of each person" in their view of personality. |
| What does the term "trait approach" mean /refer to? | This term refers to "an approach to studying personality that focuses on how individuals differ in personality dispositions". |
| What does the term "five-factor theory" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the idea that personality can be described using 5 factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism". |
| What does the term "neurotic" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to a person who experiences frequent and dramatic mood swings, especially toward negative emotions, compared with a person who is more emotionally stable". |
| What does the term "psychoticism" mean/ refer to? | This term "reflects a mix of aggression, poor impulse control, self-centeredness, and a lack of empathy for others". |
| What does the term "behavioral approach system" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to a model, created by Jeffrey Gray (1982), consists of the brain structures that lead organisms to approach stimuli in pursuit of rewards. This part of his system is also known as the "go" part and is compared to a traffic light. |
| What does the term "behavioral inhibition system" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to a model, created by Jeffrey Gray (1982), that inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or pain. This part of his system is also known as the "stop" part and is compared to a traffic light. |
| What did Walter Mischel propose in 1968 regarding personality? | He proposed that behaviors are determined more by situations than by personality traits. |
| What does the term "situationism" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by traits. |
| How do "strong" and "weak" situations influence personality displays according to "interactionists"? | In "strong" situations, displays of personality are discouraged, whereas in "weak" situations, people behave more "freely". |
| What "important distinction" did McCrae and Costa (1999) emphasize regarding personality change? | In their model of personality change, they separated basic personality tendencies (such as openness, conscientiousness, & extraversion) from "characteristic adaptations", which are culturally conditioned phenomena such as attitudes & personal strivings. |
| What have researchers found regarding developing self-control, neuroticism, and consciousness? | Researchers have found that (generally) self-control increases with age, neuroticism decreases with age, and conscientiousness increases with age. |
| What did researchers find (in a 2007 study) related to "personality differences across 56 nations"? | Researchers found that the "Big Five" personality traits were valid across all countries studied, which supports the idea that the "Big Five" are universal for humans. |
| According to several studies, what personality differences have been found - generally speaking - where men and women are concerned? | Women & men are much more similar than different where personality is concerned, but the differences support common gender stereotypes. |
| What does the "idiographic approach" focus on where personality assessment is concerned? | This is a "person - centered" approach to assessing personality. It focuses on individual lives & how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons. |
| What does the "nomothetic approach" focus on where personality assessment is concerned? | This personality assessment approach focuses on how common characteristics vary from person to person. |
| List the 5 assessment procedures that are used when assessing personality. | 1.) Projective Measures; 2.) Self-Reports; 3.) Life History Data; 4.) Behavioral Data; 5.) Measures of unconscious processes. |
| What does the term "protective measures" mean/ refer to where personality assessment is concerned? | These personality tests examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli. |
| Give 1 example of a "self - report". | One example of this is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). |
| According to researcher David Funder (1999), how accurate are a person's friend's judgement of their personality traits? Why might this be true (according to your book)? | According to this researcher, a person's friend(s) is/are very accurate in their judgement of their personality traits. |
| What is a "self-schema" (according to Hazel Markus)? | According to this researcher, this consists of an integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self. |
| What does the term "working self-concept" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the immediate experience of the self". |
| What does the term "self - esteem" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the evaluative aspect of the self-concept in which people feel worthy or unworthy". |
| What does "terror management theory" state where "self - esteem" is concerned? | This theory states that "self-esteem" gives meaning to people's lives. In (that) way, "self'esteem" protects people from the horror associated with knowing that they will die eventually. |
| What does the term "narcissism" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to an inflated sense of self-esteem. |
| What does the term "social comparison" mean/ refer to? | This occurs when people evaluate their own actions, abilities, and beliefs by contrasting them with other people's |
| What does the term "self - serving bias" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the tendency people have to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors. People generally exhibit this bias in order to protect their self - image. |
| What does the term "independent self-construals" mean/ refer to? | This term is applied to people who live in individualist cultures. Parents and teachers in these cultures encourage children to be self-reliant and to pursue personal success - even at the expense of interpersonal relationships. |
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