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Intro and Term. MT4
Intro and Terminolgy Trillium College MT4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who is Hippocrates? | Father of Modern Medicine. Discussed "gently rubbing" a dislocated shoulder reduction to aid in healing. |
| Galen of Rome (129 - 199 AD) | wrote books on massage and movement therapy. |
| Who is William Beveridge? | Thought that the therapist should adjust the pressure to the client's symptoms and tissue health. |
| Who is Per Henrik Ling? | Turned Stockholm into a centre for therapeutic exercise, which was called medical gymnastics and massage therapy. By the end of the 19th century Swedish massage was internationally known. |
| Who is John Kellogg? | developed hydrotherapy. |
| Why do we need education standards? | The therapist has a responsibility to the public, to understand when maassage is safe and appropriate and when to refer. In depth training will allow the therapist to recognize contraindications and do no harm. |
| Empirical Method of research. | Used for the majority of human history. Based on observation and experience recorded by the senses. |
| Qualitative research | collected through open ended interviews, direct observation and documentation. |
| Scientific method | began in the 17th century. Expected that every form of treatment should be provable using this methodology. Based on systematic observation, measurement and experiment. |
| Quantitative Research | Hypothesis made, info observed or measured, and the result is expressed in terms of numbers to test the hypothesis. |
| What must the result of Quantitative research be? | Must be reproducible; it must not occur by chance or as a result of other explanations; specific result ( cause and effect) |
| What have effects of massage been based on? | much of the effects and effectiveness of massage techniques has been empirical, based on centuries of observation and experience. |
| How is the public seeing massage more recently? | Seeing Massage therapy not only as an alternative to traditional or allopathic medicine, but also as a respected therapeutic approach in its own right. |
| What does the profession find itself being asked more frequently? | To prove that massage works in medical terms. |
| What is Psychological factor? | How it felt. |
| What is physiological factor? | The function or the way things work. |
| What is anatomy? | Structure or how it is constructed. |
| What are the physiological effects of massage? | Mechanical effects - on adhesions and the vascular and lymphatic systems. Reflexive effects through the neurolgical systems -central, perepheral and autonomic systems. |
| Psychological effects of massage | Increased wll being that usually occurs with positive touch. |
| Massage and Pain Control | Massage is recognized as effective in reducing or managing pain. |
| Massage and Circulation | Massage has an effect on local blood flow. |
| What do the circulatory changes result from? | Mechanical effects on the vasculature, local release of vasodilators, circulatory changes resulting from reflex responses of the autonomic nervous system and changes in blood viscosity. |
| What has massage been known to clear from the body? | Clearance of metaboloic waste and by-products of tissue damage and inflammation, as well as the delivery of oxygen and nutrition to tissue cells through an increase in blood flow through the capillaries. |
| How does massage affect blood flow? | Through the local release of vasodilators. |
| Effects of superficial vs. deep massage. | Superficial massage does not affect circulation to muscles but deeper massage creates an "effective increase" in blood flow to muscles. |
| Massage and Blood Pressure | Several studies demonstrate that massage can reduce blood pressure. |
| Massage and the Lymph System | Compression empties the capilliaries, while decompression allows them to refill. |
| Ligament | Connects bone -> bone (sprain) |
| Tendon | Connects bone -> muscle (strain) |
| Strain | Heals faster because they have blood flow. |
| Sprain | Sprains are avascular = no blood flow. |
| Massage cannot: | no evidence has been found that massage can increase muscle tone or directly increase muscle strength or bulk. Will not directly decrease amount of cellulite or adipose tissue, not prevent muscular atrophy in denervated tissue. |
| Anatomical Position | subject stands facing the observer, head level, eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor, upper limbs at the sides with palms turned forward. |
| Prone Postition | Lying face down |
| Supine Position | Lying face up (sUPine) |
| Prinicpal regions of the body | Head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs |
| Head Region consists of: | skull (encloses and protects the brain) and face (front portion of the head that includes the eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks and chin.) |
| Neck region: | supports the head and attaches it to the trunk |
| Trunk region consists of: | chest, abdomen and pelvis |
| Upper limb region | attaches to the trunk and consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist and hand. |
| Lower Limb region | also attaches to the trunk and consists of buttock, thigh, leg, ankle and foort. |
| Anterior | Front |
| Posterior | Back |
| Superior | Toward the head, upper part of a structure |
| Inferior | away from the head, lower part of the structure |
| Medial | nearer to the midline |
| Lateral | Farther from the midline |
| Intermediate | Between two structures |
| Ipsilateral | On the same side of the body as another structure |
| Contralateral | On the opposite side of the body from another structure |
| Proximal | Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure |
| Distal | Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure |
| Superficial | Toward or on the surface of the body |
| Deep (internal) | Away from the surface of the body |
| Planes | imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts |
| Sagittal Plane | vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides |
| Midsagittal Plane or Medial Plane | vertical plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides. |
| Midline | imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides. |
| Parasgittal plane | Vertically divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides |
| Frontal or Coronal Plane | divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) protions |
| Transverse Plane | Horizontally divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) protions |
| Cranial Cavity | Formed by cranial bones and contains brain |
| Vertebral Canal | formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnnings of spinal nerves |
| Thoracic Cavity | chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum |
| Pleural cavity | Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura |
| Pericardial cavity | Surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium |
| Mediastinum | Central portion of the thoracic cavity; contains all the structures of the thoracic cavity other than the lungs. |
| Abdominopelvic cavity | subdivided into abdominal and pelvis cavities |
| Abdominal cavity | contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum |
| Pelvic Cavity | contains urinary bladder, portions of large interstine,and internal organs of reproduction |
| Homeostasis | the state of relative stability of the body's internal environment. |
| Anatomy | Ana = up -tomy = process of cutting. The science of body structures and the relationships among them. |
| Physiology | physio = nature, ology = study of. The science of body functions - how the body part works. |
| What are the 6 levels of organization of the human body. | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system and organismal |
| Chemical level | atoms; the smallest units of matter that particulate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined tomgether. ( Think of the chemical level as the letters of teh alphabet.) |
| Cellular Level | Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism. Cells are the smallest living units in the human body. (Think of cells as the basic "words" that make up language.) |
| Tissue level | Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function. (similar to the way words are put together to form sentences.) |
| What are the 4 basic tissues in the body? | Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous. |
| Organ level | Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues. Specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes. |
| What are examples of organs? | stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain. |
| System level | A system consists of related organs. Sometimes an organ is part of more than one system. |
| Organismal level | An organism, any living individual. All the parts of the human body functioning together consitute the total organism. (think of the organism as the whole book.) |
| What are the 11 systems of the body? | Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, lymphatic, respiratory, reproductive. |
| What are the noninvasive techniques that health care professional use to assess certain aspects of the body? | Inspection, Palpation, auscultation, percussion. |
| What is inspection? | the examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal. |
| What is palpation? | = gently touching. The examiner feels body surfaces with the hands. |
| What is auscultation? | auscult = listening. the examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs. |
| What is percussion? | percus = beat through. The examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo. |
| What are the components of the Integumentary system? | Skin and structures associated with it, such as hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands. |
| What is the function of the Integumentary system? | Protects the body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make Vit. D and detects sensations such as touch, pain, cold and warmth. |
| What are the components of the Skeletal system? | Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages. |
| What are the functions of the Skeletal system? | Supports and protects the body; provides a surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids. |
| What are the components of the Muscualr system? | Muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue, so-named because it is usually attached to bones. |
| What are the functions of the Muscular system? | Produces body movements, such as walking; stabilizes body position (posture); generates heat. |
| What are the components of the nervous system? | Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as the eyes and ears. |
| What are the functions of the Nervous System? | Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body's internal and external environments, interprets the changes and Responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions. |
| What are the components of the Endocrine system? | Hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalmus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes. |
| What is the function of the Endocrine system? | Regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ. |
| What are the components of the Cardiovascular system? | Blood, heart, and blood vessels. |
| What is the function of the Cardiovascular system? | Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from the cells and helps regulate acid - base balance. |
| What are the components of the Digestive system? | organs of the gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharnyx(throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and anus; |
| Functions of the digestive system: | Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes. |
| Components of the urinary system: | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
| Functions of the urinary system: | Produces, stores and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood |
| Lymphatic system components: | Lymphatic fluid and vessels; also includes spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tondils |
| Lymphatic system functions: | Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood. |
| Respiratory system components: | Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat, larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchial tubes leading into and out of the lungs. |
| Respiratiry system functions: | transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; |
| Reproductive system components: | Gonads(testes and ovaries) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus, & vagina, epidydymis ductis deferens and penis.) |
| Reproductive system functions: | Gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes. |
| What are the 6 most important ife processes in the human body? | Metabolism, Responsiveness,Movement, growth, Differentiation,& Reproduction. |
| Metabolism | The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. |
| What are the phases of Metabolism? | catabolism and anabolism. |
| What is catabolism? | catabol = throwing down, ism = a condidtion. the breakdown of complex chemical cubstances into simpler components. |
| What is anabolism? | anabol = a raising up; the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components. |
| Process of metabolism: | digestive processes catabolize (split) proteins in the food into amino acids. Amino acids then anabolize (build) new proteins that make up body structures. |
Created by:
annette.rmt
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