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Intro To Psychology
Week 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define psychology as a science. | The scientific process that allows for models and outcomes to be created nd used to either change the original theory, further enhance our understanding of the theory or predict the individuals behaviour using the theory. |
| What is pseudoscience? | A collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method. |
| What are some warning signs of pseudoscience? | - Overuse of ad hoc immunising hypotheses - Exaggerated claims - Over-reliance on anecdotes - Absence of connectivity to other research - Lack of peer review / replication - Meaningless psychobabble, incorrect use or overuse use of scientific terms |
| What is overuse of ad hoc immunising hypotheses? | Loopholes used to explain any failures away. E.G. A psychic who cannot perform in a lab might claim that the negativity of observers clouded their power. |
| What is exaggerated claims? | Something that is too good to be true. |
| What is over-reliance on anecdotes? | Anecdotes are too specific to inform us of what generally happens; they can motivate questions and sometimes provide existent proofs.. but we cannot draw general conclusions from them. E.G. some people who smoke do indeed live to 90 years. |
| What is absence of connectivity to other research? | Idea's usually don't come from nowhere. |
| What is lack of peer review / replication? | we don't just accept what one person thinks; research should be reviewed before it is publish and others should be able to replicate the results. |
| What is meaningless psychobabble / incorrect use or overuse of scientific terms? | sometimes people hide rubbish ideas in long words in order to bamboozle them. |
| What is talk of 'proofs' instead of 'evidence?' | Maths has proofs, science has evidence. |
| What are the principles of scientific thinking? | - Extraordinary claims - Testability - Occam's Razor - Replicability - Ruling out rival hypotheses - Correlation vs causation |
| What is extraordinary claims? | Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. |
| What is testability? | Must be testable, must be given a chance to fail. |
| What is occam's razor? | The simplest explanation is often the best. |
| What is replicability? | Other scientists should get similar results if they repeat and experiment. |
| What is ruling out oval hypotheses? | avoid accepting a hypotheses when other plausible hypotheses haven't been ruled out. |
| What is correlation vs causation? | Just because two things seem to go together, doesn't mean that one has caused the other. |
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