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251 Mind & Brain
Chapter 6 (165-171, 174-180)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What exactly is a sense? | A sense is built from specialized cells that respond to a particular physical phenomena, and the sense corresponds to brain networks that receive, interpret, and act on thise signals. |
| "The layout of cells in A1: neighbouring frequencies are neighbours on the cortical map." | Tonotopic |
| "The part of the brain that first receives & processes information about smell." | Olfactory bulb |
| When we hear sounds we are detecting ___ carried through a conductive medium (usually ___ or ____). The characteristics of these _____ (their __, __ and ____) determine how we perceive those sounds. | vibrations, air, water, vibrations, size, shape, frequency |
| Sound travels through the air as ____ waves: increases and decreases of ____ occuring at regular intervals when small segments of air are either _____ (increase in ____), or _____ (decrease in _____). | pressure, pressure, compressed, pressure, decompressed, pressure |
| "The measure for frequency of sound waves." | Hertz (Hz) |
| "The size of the oscillations in a waveform, from peak to trough." | Amplitude |
| "The perception of a sound's frequency." | Pitch |
| "The perception of a sound's amplitude." | Loudness |
| "The smallest subjectively detectable difference between the properties of 2 stimuli, such as loudness or brightness." | Just-noticeable difference |
| "An experimental observation that the just-noticeable difference between 2 stimuli consistently occurs in relative terms, as a percentage of the initial stimulus, rather than in absolute terms, as a fixed difference in intensity between the 2 stimuli." | Weber's law |
| What are the 3 structures of the outer ear? | 1.Pinna, 2.Ear cannal 3.Tympanic membrane |
| "The external, folded portion of the ear." | Pinna |
| "The innermost portion of the outer ear, which vibrates at the same frequency as the sound wave; also known as the eardrum." | Tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
| "The portion of the ear between the eardrum (tympanic membrane) and the oval window of the inner ear; contains three bones (ossicles) that transmit acoustic vibrations between these 2 structures." | Middle ear |
| What are the 3 ossicles of the middle ear? | 1.Malleus (hammer) 2.Incus (anvil) 3.Stapes (stirrup) |
| "The 3 bones of the middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes." | Ossicles |
| "One of the 3 bones of the middle ear (ossicles); its name means "hammer, after its approximate shape." | Malleus |
| "One of 3 bones of the middle ear (ossicles); its name means "anvil" after its approxaimate shape." | Incus |
| "One of 3 bones of the middle ear (ossicles); also known as the stirrup because of its shape." | Stapes |
| "The flexible membrane that is part of the inner ear and connected to the eardrum via the ossicles; it vibrates at the same frequency as the auditory stimulus reaching the eardrum." | Oval window |
| What are the steps through which sound is transported through the ear structures? | Pinna > Ear cannal > Tympanic membrane (eardrums) > Malleus > Incus > Staples > Oval window > cochlea |
| "A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure within the inner ear that is important for transducing acoustic vibrations into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system." | Cochlea |
| "Flexible tissue within the cochlea that vibrates in time with incoming sound waves; it is stretched tight at one end (basal) > sensitive to high-frequency stimuli, & it is less tight at the other end (aprical) > sensitive to low-frequency stimuli." | Basilar membrane |
| The basilar membrane goes from small and tight at one end (the ___) to larger and floppier at the other end (the __). | base, apex |
| In the basilar membrane of the cochlea, the small, tight (____) end vibrates in response to ____ frequencies, whereas the larger, floppier (_____) end vibrates in response to _____ frequencies. | basal, higher, aprical, lower |
| "Cells located along the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, that transduce sound waves into electrochemical signals." | Inner hair cells |
| "Connects each hair in a bundle to adjacent hairs. Tension in the ____, caused by motion, pulls open ion channels tethered at the ends of the ______. | Tip link, tip link |
| "How sound is turned into electrical signals." | Mechanoelectrical transduction |
| What are the 5 broad steps of mechanoelectrical transduction? | 1.Motion of hair bundles > 2.tension in tip links > 3.opening of ion channels > 4.depolarization of the cell > 5.release of neurotransmitters at the other end of the cell. |
| "An organ of the inner ear, important for transducing sound waves into neural signals; includes the tectorial membrane, and the inner and outer hair cells." | Organ of Corti |
| "Hair cells in the cochlea that run parallel to the inner hair cells and can shorten and lengthen to improve the signal received by the inner hair cells, thus acting as "pre-amplifiers" for acoustic sensory input transduced by the inner hair cells." | Outer hair cells |
| "The flexible membrane above the basilar membrane of the inner ear, into which the tops of the inner ear and outer hair cells connect." | Tectorial membrane |
| Opening the ion channels (within the structure of individual inner hair cells as well as outer hair cells) _______ the cell, whereas closing the chanells _______ the cell. | depolarizes, hyporpolarizes |
| What is the function of the outer hair cells? | Fine-tuning: inner hair cells receive a much better signal; only a small number will become active & send along signals when presented with a specific frequency > code for sound frequency in electrical signals understood by the rest of the nervous system |
| "The branch of the 8th cranial nerve that conducts auditory information from the organ of Corti to the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem." | Auditory nerve (cochlear nerve) |
| "A neuron transmitting signals from the cochlea to the brainstem." | Afferent fiber |
| Each _______ innervates a single hair cell, although each hair cell may be contacted by 20 or more _______. | afferent fiber, afferent fiber |
| "A form of information coding in which a given neuron carries only one specific type of sensory information." | Labeled line |
| What are the steps that the auditory nerve information travel through to reach A1 (5)? | Brainstem > olivary nuclei (localize source of the sound) > lateral leminisci > inferior colliculi > medial geniculate nucleus (in the thalamus) > primary auditory cortex (A1) |
| "A sensory system that processes tactile stimuli such as touch, vibration, pressure, temperature, and pain from all over the body." | Somatosensory system |
| Somatosensory receptors are distributed throughout the ___, ___, ____, ____, ___ ___, and ______ _____. | skin, joints, bones, muscles, internal organs, cardiovascular system |
| The feelings of ____, _____, and _____ on the skin create the sense of touch. | pressure, vibration, temperature |
| "Sensory receptors that are triggered in response to movement, stretch, pressure or vibration; found in the skin, muscles, tendons, and some visceral organs." | Mechanoreceptors |
| What are the 4 types of mechanoreceptors? | 1.Merkel's disks 2.Meissner corpuscles 3.Ruffini's endings 4.Pacinian corpuscles |
| " A type of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor located close to the skin's surface and having a relatively small receptive field." | Meissner corpuscles |
| "A type of slowly adapting mechanoreceptor located close to the skin's surface and having a small receptive field." | Merkel's disks |
| "A type of slowly adapting mechanoreceptor located in the deeper layers of the skin and having a relatively large receptive field." | Ruffini's endings |
| "A type of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor located in the deeper layers of the skin and having a relatively large receptive field." | Pacinian corpuscles |
| What are 2 rapidly adapting receptors? | 1.Meissner's copuscles 2.Pacinian corpuscles |
| What are 2 slowly adapting receptors? | 1.Merkel's disks 2.Ruffini's endings |
| Which 2 receptors in the skin are located most superficially (near the surface) and have smaller receptive fields (areas of sensitivity)? | 1.Meissner corpuscles 2.Merkel's disks |
| What 2 receptors in the skin are located in the deeper layers of the skin and have larger receptive fields (areas of sensitivity)? | 1. Ruffini's endings 2.Pacinian corpuscles |
| What are 3 characteristics of Pacinian corpuscles, and what can it detect? | Large receptive fields, deeper under the skin, rapidly adapting receptors > can sense higher frequencies. Ex: the rumbling of your chair at a loud concert |
| What are 3 characteristics of Meissner corpuscles, and what can they detect? | Small receptive fields, superficial location in the skin, slowly adapting receptor > can feel rough textures |
| "Somatosensory receptors that convey infromation about temperature." | Thermoreceptors |
| What are the 2 types of thermoreceptors? | cold and warm |
| Changes in temperature are signaled by changes in the ________. | rate of firing |
| "Somatosensory receptors that convey infromation about pain in response to tissue damage." | Nociceptors |
| What are the 3 main classification types of nociceptors? | 1.Mechanical 2.Thermal 3.Chemical |
| When are mechanical nociceptors activated? | When there is damage to tissue caused by intense pressure (ex: broken bone, needle prick) |
| When are thermal nociceptors acitvated? | They respond to stimuli that is either extremely hot (>45degrees Celcius) or extremely cold (>5 degrees Celcius). When temperature becomes painful. |
| When are chemcial nociceptors activated? | activated by stimuli such as several cooking spices, poisenous gases and spider toxins. |
| "Nociceptors that are sensitive to more than one category of stimulus." | Polymodal |
| "Receptors that do not respond to any of the thermal, mechanic, or chemical stimuli, but instead contribute indirectly to nociception by responding to the body's own chemicals release by damaged tissue." | Silent nociceptors |
| "An increase in sensitivity (caused generally by silent nociceptors) of the nociceptor following chemical, mechanical, or thermal (noxious) stimuli. Ex" Gentle touch can be expremely painful following a sunburn." | Hyperaglesia |
| "Heritable changes to the DNA sequence that can result in changes in the sequence of amino acids of a protein encoded by a gene, or differences in the activity of a gene." | Mutations |
| Different nociceptors transmit their signals at different speeds, depending on their _____ and degree of ______. | diameter, myelination |
| How is it that patients can be kept conscious during brain surgery? | The brain has no nociception. They can provide useful feedback to the surgeon about their sensory perceptions without feeling any pain from the surgery itself. |
| Like receptors, nociceptors are found ______, in ____, and in _____. | just under the skin, organs, joints |
| "The aspect of somatosensation thta monitors the position and movement of the parts of one's own body." | Proprioception |
| "The rare disorder of an inability to register painful sensations." | Congenital analgesia |
| "The stationary position of limbs." | limb-position sense |
| "Limb movement" | kinesthesia |
| "Somatosensory receptors embedded in the body of the muscle that sense the length of the muscle and prevent the muscle from being overstretched." | Muscle spindles |
| What are 2 types of proprioceptors? | 1.Muscle spindles 2.Golgi tendon organ |
| Among other critical functions, proprioception allows us to ______ and ______. | manipulate objects, remain upright |
| "Perception of the internal state of the organs and tissues of the body, as opposed to the external world. _______ sensory modalities includes temperature, pain, itch, stretch, fatigue, and chemical senses." | Interoception |
| "Somatosensory receptors that are sensitive to the concentration of specific chemical subtsances, such as cabron dioxide, within the body." | Chemoreceptors |
| How does the Thalamus respond to pain? | Receives pain signals from periphery and relays them to other brain regions. |
| How does the prefrontal cortex respond to pain? | Focuses attention on or away from pain. |
| How does the insula respond to pain? | Encodes the degree of pain and responds to perceived pain in other brain areas. |
| How does the amygdala respond to pain? | Modulates the degree of pain perceived, depending on the context. |
| How does the periaqueductal gray matter region respond to pain? | Brainstem region is important for endogenous (internal) pain relief. |
| How does the somatosensory cortex respond to pain? | Localizes pain on a map of the body. |
| "Theory of pain perception: Amount of pain perceived depends on relative activity of both nociceptive & non-nociceptive pathways; non-nociceptive pathways able to "close the gate" of pain perception and suppress the input from nociceptive pathways." | Gate control theory |
| "Pain caused by injury to the pain pathways of the nervous system, rather than by an external stimulus." | Neuropathic pain |
| Because the head and face are above the level of the spinal cord, they have their own path to the brain via the cranial nerves that make up the ________. | trigemenial pathway |
| Everywhere other than the head and face, mechanoreceptors and nociceptors transmit their responses to physical stimuli via the ____ ____ ___ of ___ ___ ____ neurons. | primary afferent fibers, dorsal root ganglion |
| "The branch of a spinal nerve that enters the spinal cord posteriorly, carrying sensory information from the body into the neurons of the spinal cord." | Dorsal root |
| "Crosses the midline of the body from one side to the other." | Decussate |
| "The nucleus within the thalamus that receives and processes the ascending somatosensory information, relaying this information to the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)." | Ventral posterior nucleus |
| "The design of the map of the origin of sensory information. The representation of the body in S1 is referred to as the humunculus." | somatotopic |
| "Region wihtin the parietal lobe that integrates somatosensory information & provides more complex processing of that somatosensory information; located inside the lateral sulcus." | Secondary somatosensory cortex |
| "A disorder in which patients cannot identify an object based on touch even if they can name the object when they see it visually. Caused by damage to higher areas of the somatosensory structures, such as S2 or S3." | Tactile agnosia |
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jarnol33
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