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PSYCH EXAM 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An individual's subjective experience of the world around them and their own mind is? | Consciousness |
| According to Freud, the Conscious and Unconscious minds are linked by this area of the mind, which allows for the retrieval of facts and memories stored in the mind | Subconscious or Preconscious |
| This phenomenon allows individuals to focus on a conversation with others around them, while tuning out conversations which may be happening elsewhere in the same room | Cocktail Party Effect |
| This brain pathway is activated both when an individual is engaged in a specific task and when the brain is at rest, such as during daydreaming | Default Network |
| In addition to Intentionality, Unity, and Selectivity, this property of consciousness completes the set of four | Transience |
| This memory store represents the first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of human memory, where visual and auditory information are briefly stored and filtered | Sensory Storage |
| This term refers to damage or malfunction of the hippocampus, typically resulting in memory loss (including retrograde and anterograde) | Amnesia |
| Explicit memories refer to conscious memories, while this term refers to unconscious memories | Implicit Memories |
| This term refers to a hippocampus-initiated process to strengthen a memory by improving its connections with nearby neurons | Long Term Potentiation (LTP) |
| In addition to the visuospatial sketchpad, the episodic buffer, and central executive, this component completes the model of Working Memory, enabling rehearsal to "refresh" information stored in short-term storage | Phonological Loop |
| This scientist conditioned dogs to salivate upon hearing a bell by repeatedly ringing the bell shortly before the dogs were fed | Ivan Pavlov |
| This term, the opposite of discrimination, refers to the finding that organisms often will respond in a conditioned way to stimuli which are sufficiently similar to the conditioned stimulus | Generalization |
| In order for classical conditioning to work properly, it is important to present this stimulus at the same time as an unconditioned stimulus in order for the two to become paired/associated | Neutral Stimulus |
| This phenomenon provides evidence that a conditioned response can remain even after that response has seemingly undergone an extinction process | Spontaneous Recovery |
| This term refers to linking a conditioned stimulus to a new neutral stimulus in order to continuously associate new stimuli with the original unconditioned stimulus | Second-Order, or Higher-Order Conditioning |
| These two components of operant conditioning allow an individual to either reward and encourage a behavior, or prevent and discourage a behavior | Reinforcers and Punishers |
| This "law" is the founding principle behind operant conditioning, stating that organisms tend to repeat actions which bring a reward | Law of Effect |
| B.F. Skinner used different "schedules" of reinforcement when training rats and pigeons, focusing on fixed vs. variable schedules based on time (interval), as well as this other factor | Ratio Schedules (# of Responses) |
| Behavioral psychologists were unable to explain how these behaviors were able to override continuously reinforced behaviors, suggesting that there are some limits to operant conditioning | Instincts |
| This term refers to the idea that regularly rewarding an intrinsically motivated behavior will likely alter motivation to become much more extrinsic | Over-Justification Effect |
| This term (an example of Blocking) refers to the idea that individuals sometimes struggle to find the right word or phrase, despite having it stored in their memory | Tip-Of-The-Tongue Phenomenon |
| Pro-active and retro-active forms of this can impair memory recall for certain types of information | Interference |
| False recognition, such as Deja Vu, is an example of this memory "sin" which attributes a memory to the incorrect source; an especially problematic issue for the criminal justice system | Memory Misattribution |
| Childhood amnesia, or the inability to recall the first 2-3 years of life, may be the result of this brain structure being underdeveloped during that time period | Hippocampus |
| The Misinformation Effect suggests that human memory is prone to this, meaning outside influences on memory formation and recall | Suggestibility |
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