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PSY Ch 3+4
Mrs.Labore
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heredity influences much of _____ and _____, yet not in a simple, deterministic way . | behavior; experience |
| DNA | A large molecule that contains genes |
| DNA resides in every cell in the body, except _____, and contains all the information needed for human _____ and _______. | red blood cells; growth; reproduction |
| How many pairs of chromosomes are in the nucleus of each cell body? | 23 |
| Chromosomes are a coiled up thread of ___? | DNA |
| Genome | All the genetic information in DNA |
| Genotype | The entire genetic makeup of an organism |
| Phenotype | An organism's observed characteristics |
| Genes | Small segments of DNA that contain information for producing proteins |
| Polygenic | The process by which many genes interact to create a single characteristic |
| Monogenic | The hereditary passing on of traits determined by a single gene |
| Mutation | A random change in genetic sequence |
| Genes occur in pairs of ____, which are different forms of each other. | Alleles |
| Dominant Alleles | Alleles that show thei effect even if there is only one allele for that trait in the pair |
| Recessive Alleles | Alleles that show their effects only when both alleles are the same |
| Alleles | Different forms of a gene |
| Behavioral genetics | The scientific study of the role of heredity in behavior |
| Heritability | The extent to which a characteristic is influenced by genetics |
| Epigenetics | The study of changes in the way genes are turned on or off without a change in the sequence of DNA |
| Environmental events influence how and when genes are ____ and _____. | Activated; Deactivated |
| Soft Inheritance | Inheritance of a gene thats been shut off due to environmental reasons |
| Central Nervous System | The part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | The part of the nervous system that comprises all the nerve cells in the body outside the central nervous system |
| Somatic Nervous System | Nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system that serve the skeletal muscles. |
| The Somatic Nervous System transmit what? | Signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles and sensory information from the skeletal muscles back to the CNS |
| Autonomic Nervous System | All the nerves of the peripheral nervous system that serves involuntary systems of the body, such as the internal organs and glands |
| What are the two main branches in the ANS? | Sympathetic Nervous System; Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | The branch of the autonomic nervous system that activates bodily systems in times of emergency |
| The Sympathetic Nervous System is responsible for | The arousal in times of emergency |
| The main function of the sympathetic nervous system is | Fight or Flight |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | The branch of the autonomic nervous system that usually relaxes or returns the body to a less active, restful state |
| Nervous System | Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary) and Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary) |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Sympathetic Nervous System (Arousing) and Parasympathetic Nervous System (Calming) |
| What are the two cells that the Central Nervous System are made up of? | Glial and Neurons |
| Glial Cells | Provide structrual support, promote efficient communication between neurons, and serve as scavengers, removing cellular debris in the Central Nervous System |
| Neurons | Cells that process and transmit information in the nervous system |
| How many neurons are in the brain? | 10 Billion |
| How many connections are in one neuron? | 10,000 |
| The first principle of how neurons communicate with other neurons | Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system. All the major structuors of the brain are composed of neurons. |
| The second principle of how neurons communicate with other neurons | Information travels within a neuron in the form of an electrical signal by action potentials |
| The third principle of how neurons communicate with other neurons | Information is transmitted between neurons by means of chemicals called neurotransmitters |
| What are the three major parts of the neurons? | Soma, Axon and dendrites |
| The soma is what? | Cell body |
| The soma contains what? | The nucleus and other ocmpnents needed for cell maintenance and function |
| The axon is what? | A long projection from the soma |
| What does the axon do? | Transmits electrical impulses toward the adjacent neuron |
| What are dendrites? | Fingerlike projections that receive incoming messages from other neurons |
| Myelin Sheath | The fatty substance wrapped around some axons, which insulates the axon, making the nerve inpulse travel more efficiently |
| Synapse | The junction between an axon and the adjacent neuron, where information is transmitted from one neuron to another |
| The terminal button is what? | Located at the end of the axon |
| What does the terminal button contain? | Tiny sacs of neurotransmitters |
| When an eletrical impulse reaches the terminal button, it triggers the release of neurotransmitter molecules into the gap between neurons, known as the what? | Synapse (Synaptic Cleft) |
| What are the three kinds of neurons? | Sensory, Motor, and Interneurons |
| What do the sensory neurons do? | Receive incoming sensory information from the sense organs |
| What do the motor neurons do? | Take commands from the brain and carry them to the muscles of the body |
| What are mirror neurons? | A type of motor neurons that is active when we observe others making an action as well as when performing the same action. They play an important role in learning |
| What are interneurons? | Neurons that communicate only with other neurons |
| What is the first step in neural communication? | An impulse travels one way from the dendrites along with the axon and away from the soma, a process that is both electrical and chemical |
| What is the second step in neural communication? | The impulse releases chemicals at the tips of the neurons, which are released into the synaptic cleft to transmit the message to another neuron |
| What is the chemical known as in the second step in neural communication? | Neurotransmission |
| What is an action potential? | The positively charged impulse that moves down an axon |
| What is an ion? | A chemical charged particles that predominate in bodily fluids |
| Where are ions found? | Both inside and outside cells |
| What is the electrical charge inside a resting neuron? | -70 millivolts |
| What is a resting potential? | The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the axon when the neuron is at rest |
| What is the refractory period? | The span of time, after an action potential has been generated, when the neuron is returning to its resting state and the neuron cannot genetrate an action potential |
| What are the gaps in the myelin sheath? | Nods of Ranvier |
| What is the All or None principle? | The idea that, once the threshold has been crossed, either an action potential fires or it does not |
| What is the synaptic vesicles? | Tiny sacs in the terminal buttons that contain neurotransmitters |
| What are two ways to remove excess neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft? | Enzymatic degradation and reuptake |
| What happens in enzymatic degradation? | Enzymes specific to that neurotransmitter bind with neurotransmitter and destroy it |
| What happens in reuptake? | Excess neurotransmitters are returned to the sending, or presynaptic, neuron for storage in vesicles and future use |
| What are graded potentials? | Small changes in membrane potential that by themselves are insufficient to tripper an action potential |
| Some neurotransmitters ___ and others ____? | Excite; Inhibit |
| Where are neurotransmitters found? | In the brain |
| Acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter that controls muscle movement and plays a role in mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping, and dreaming |
| Dopamine | A neurotransmitter released in response to behaviors that feel good or are rewarding to the person or animal; also involved in voluntary motor control |
| Epinephrine | A neurotransmitter that arouses bodily systems, (aka adrenaline) |
| Norepinephrine | A neurotransmitter that activates the sympathetic response to stress, increasing heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action |
| GABA | A major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that rells postsynaptic neurons not to fire |
| What does GABA do to the CNS? | Slows down the activity in the CNS and is necessary to regulate and control neural activity |
| Glutamate | A major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that increases the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire |
| What is glutamate important to? | Learning, memory, neural processing, and brain development |
| What is the brain? | An organ that collection of neurons and glial cells that controls all the major functions of the body |
| What does the brain produce? | Thoughts, emotions, and behavior and it makes us human |
| What are the three major regions of the brain, in order from the earliest to develop to the newest? | Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain |
| The Hindbrain is directly connected to the what? | Spinal Cord |
| What are the three main parts of the hindbrain? | Medulla, Pons and Cerebellum |
| What does the medulla do? | Regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure |
| What is the medulla involved in? | Various kinds of reflexes, such as coughing, swallowing, sneezing, and vomiting |
| Reflexes | Inborn and involuntary behaviors |
| Pons | A structure in the hindbrain that serves as a bridge between lower brain regions and higher midbrain and forebrain activity |
| Cerebellum | The 'little brain', that is involved in body movement, balance, coordination, fine-tuning motor skills, and cognitive activities such as learning and language |
| Reticular formation | A network of nerve fibers that runs up throuhg both the hindbrain and the midbrain; it is crucial to waking up and falling asleep |
| Most forebrain structures are what? | Bilateral |
| Thalamus | A forebrain structure that receives information from the senses and relays it to the cerebral cortex for processing |
| In the middle of the brain directly around the thalamus lies a set of structures important in emotion and motivation that are referred to as the what? | Limbic System |
| What are the 4 parts of the limbic system? | Hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus |
| What is the role of the hypothalamus? | Regulates all major drives and motives we have (i.e. hunger, sexual behavior, temperature and thirst) |
| What is the role of the hippocampus? | Plays a vital role in learning and memory |
| What is the role of the amygdala? | Processes emotional information, especially related to fear |
| What is the role of the cungulate gyrus? | Important role in attention and cognitive control |
| The uppermost portion of the brain is the what? | Cerebrum |
| What is the outer layer of the cerebrum? | Cerebral Cortex |
| What is the cerebrum composed of four large areas called what? | Lobes |
| What are the four lobes of the brain? | Frontal, occiputal, temporal, and parietal |
| What is the role of the frontal lobe? | Solving problems, planning, abstract thinking, control of impulses, creativity and social awareness |
| What is the role of the occiputal lobe? |
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