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Stack #31255
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nonorganic failure to thrive: | is caused by a lack of stimulation and affection |
| In classical conditioning, the ________ must consistently produce a reflexive reaction before learning can take place. | unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
| Cross-cultural research on motor development indicates that: | early movement opportunities and a stimulating environment contribute significantly to motor development. |
| According to the differentiation theory of perceptual development: | infants seek out invariant, or stable, features of the environment. |
| Primary circular reactions are oriented toward ________, whereas secondary circular reactions are aimed toward ________. | the infant’s own body; the environment |
| According to Piaget, which of the following provides evidence that 18-to-24-month-olds can mentally represent their experiences? | they begin arriving at solutions suddenly instead of relying on trial-and-error |
| While cognitive theories try to explain the ________ of development, designers of mental tests are interested in the ________ of development. | process; products |
| When first learning to talk, Alex used words mostly to label objects, such as “doggie,” ball,” “car,” and “book.” Alex’s style of language learning is best categorized as: | referential. |
| Erikson’s stage of basic trust versus mistrust builds on Freud’s ________ stage. | oral |
| Emotions that can be directly inferred from facial expressions are referred to as | basic emotions. |
| Which of the following are characterized as self-conscious emotions? | shame and embarrassment |
| A child who has irregular daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely would best fit into which of the following categories of temperament | difficult |
| Research on the stability of temperament shows that | temperament is moderately stable from one age period to the next. |
| The notion that an effective match between child-rearing practices and a child’s temperament will lead to favorable outcomes is known as | goodness-of-fit. |
| Based on their experiences during Bowlby’s four phases of attachment development, children construct a(n) ________, or a set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures, their likelihood of providing support during times of stress, and th | internal working model |
| A sensitively tuned interaction in which the mother responds to infant signals in a well-timed, appropriate fashion and both partners match emotional states is called | interactional synchrony. |
| determines whether attachment security is linked to later development. | Continuity of caregiving |
| Self-awareness provides the foundation for ________, the capacity to resist an impulse to engage in socially disapproved behavior. | self-control |
| Which of the following is most helpful in diagnosing growth disorders in early and middle childhood? | skeletal age |
| How is lateralization different for right-handers versus left-handers? | Language skills are shared between both hemispheres for left-handers. |
| Which of the following brain structures supports integration of many aspects of thinking, such as perception, attention, memory, language, and problem solving? | corpus collosum |
| Shayla is 5 years old and recently experienced her parents’ divorce. Her mother has been unemployed for months and they live in an extremely impoverished neighborhood. Shayla’s mother leaves her alone in the apartment for long periods of time and when she | psychosocial dwarfism |
| Which of the following statements is true? | While childhood illnesses have no negative consequences on physical growth among well-nourished children, the consequences for growth among malnourished children may be severe. |
| The leading cause of death among children over 1 year of age is | motor vehicle collisions. |
| While throwing a ball, Mary Grace turns her body only slightly to help increase the distance, and when she catches the ball she usually traps it against her chest. Mary Grace is likely to be a | 3-year-old. |
| Between the ages of 2 and 7, children are in Piaget’s stage of development. | preoperational |
| ______, or a child’s inability to go through a series of steps and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point, is the most important illogical feature of preoperational thought. | Irreversibility |
| Vygotsky’s theory states that the force that drives a child’s cognitive development is | joint activities with adults or more competent peers. |
| According to Erikson, the critical conflict of the preschool years is | initiative versus guilt |
| Preschoolers’ self-concepts are | abstract, usually centered on their unique psychological characteristics |
| Empathy | leads to personal distress and self-focused responding in some children. |
| The view of morality regards children as active thinkers about social rules. | cognitive-developmental |
| aggression, aimed at obtaining an object, privilege, or space with no deliberate intent to harm another person, is the most common form of aggression exhibited during the preschool years. | Instrumental |
| Research on familial influences on gender typing shows that | of the two sexes, boys are more gender-stereotyped than are girls. |
| Gender schema theory | emphasizes how environmental pressures and children’s cognitions work together to shape gender-role development. |
| Which of the following outcomes are typically associated with children exposed to permissive parenting? | impulsivity, disobedience, rebelliousness, dependence on adults, low persistence on tasks |
| Which form of abuse is likely to be the most common, since it also accompanies most other types? | psychological abuse |
Created by:
jurbanski
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