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Psychology Chapter 1
| Answer | |
|---|---|
| What is the scientific attitude that encourages us to think harder and smarter? | critical thinking |
| Who founded the first psychology laboratory? | Wilhelm Wundt |
| Which psychological school of thought holds the view that psychology should be an objective science? | Behaviorism |
| Which psychological perspective is followed by a researcher who focuses on how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences? | Behavior genetics |
| What is an empirical approach? | an evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation |
| What does psychology require? | critical thinking: thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions |
| What do psychologists do? | examine assumptions appraise the sources, point out hidden biases evaluate evidence assesses conclusions |
| What are some examples where critical thinking is important in everyday life? | Deciding what news sources are credible and what sources are not. This is especially important on social media. |
| What does critical thinking involve? | Curiosity § Skepticism § Humility |
| Who were of the earliest thinkers to talk about psychology? | Socrates and Aristotle |
| What did early psychologists focused on? | the science of mental life; focusing on inner sensations, images, and feelings |
| What did psychologists believe later? | They believed psychology as a science should be rooted in observation |
| What is behaviorism? | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science and that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. § |
| What do psychologists think today? | They believe that psychology should be an objective science |
| Who was one of the most well-known originators of behaviorism? | B.F. Skinner |
| What is Psychoanalytic Psychology? | Emphasized the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior |
| What do humanistic psychologists believe? | The need for love, acceptance, and an environment that nurtures or limits personal growth |
| Who were were early humanistic psychologists? | Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow |
| What were the problems with behaviorism and Freudian psychology? | It was too limiting. |
| What is Humanistic Psychology also known as? | The cognitive Revolution. Began in 1960's |
| What is Psychology? | The Science of behavior and mental processes; roots in many disciplines and countries; growing and globalizing |
| What isognigive Psychology? | Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition, including perception, thinking, memory, and language |
| What is Cognitive Neuroscience? | Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition, including perception, thinking, memory, and language |
| What is natural selection? | the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations . In other words, only the best and healthiest survive. |
| What is the nature-nurture debate? | The question as to whether or not our human traits are present at birth, or do they develop through experience |
| What is Evolutionary Psychology? | the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using the principles of natural selection |
| What does nurture work on? | What nature provides. |
| What is culture? | Shared ideas and behaviors passed from one generation to the next § Our culture shapes our be |
| How does culture shape our behavior? | It influences our standards of promptness and frankness, our attitudes toward premarital sex and varying body shapes, our tendency to be casual or formal, our willingness to make eye contact, our conversational distance, and much more |
| What is positive psychology? | Centers on happiness as by-product of a pleasant, engaged, and meaningful life § Uses scientific methods to support development of a good life |
| What is the focus of Neuroscience? | How the body and brain enable motions, memories, and sensory experiences |
| What is the focus of evolutionary psychology? | How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes |
| What is the focus of behavior genetics? | How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences |
| What is the focus of Psychodynamic Psychology? | How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts |
| What is the focus of Behavioral Psychology? | How we learn observable responses |
| What is the focus of Cognitive Psychology? | How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information |
| What is the focus of Social-Cultural Psychology? | How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures |
| What is the biopsychosocial approach? | The study of psychological issues from three main levels of analysis: § Biological § Psychological § Social-cultural |
| What are bop;ogical influences? | genetic predispositions, genetic mutations, natural selection of adaptive traits passed down from generations |
| What are psychological influences? | learned fears, emotional responses, cognitive processing |
| What are social-cultural influences? | presence of others, cultural and family expectations, peer and other group influences. |
| What is hindsight bias? | I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon |
| What is overconfidence? | Tendency to think we know more than we do |
| What is confirmation bias? | A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| What is a theory? | explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize observations |
| What is a hypothesis? | (testable predictions |
| What is an operational definition? | -a carefully worded statement that exact procedures used in a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings can be reproduced |
| What is replication? | repeating research to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced |
| What is meta-analysis? | a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion |
| What is a case study? | a technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in hopes of revealing universal principles |
| What is naturalistic observation? | observing behaviors within natural environments |
| What is a correlation? | suggests a possible cause-effect relationship, but DOES NOT prove it. |
| What is the placebo effect? | a beneficial effect produced by a placebo drug or treatment, which cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient's belief in that treatment. |
| What is replication? | repetition--important is science to see if results can be repeated or reproduced. |
| random sample | A random sample is a sample that is chosen randomly. It could be more accurately called a randomly chosen sample. Random samples are used to avoid bias and other unwanted effects. |
| experimental group | An experimental group (sometimes called a treatment group) is a group that receives a treatment in an experiment. The “group” is made up of test subjects (people, animals, plants, cells etc.) and the “treatment” is the variable you are studying. |
| case study | a process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time. |
Created by:
s42mahoney
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