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Medical Emergencies

Paramedic Medical Emergencies: GI/Uro/Neph/Immune/Hema/Toxicology

Question/Definition	Term/Answer
A chemical in red blood cells that affects hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen	2,3-biphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
A substance that liberates hydrogen ions (H+) when in a solution	Acid
Immunity that develops over time and results from exposure to an antigen. (aka Specific Immunity)	Acquired Immunity
A powder, usually premixed with water, that will absorb (bind) some poisons and help prevent them from being absorbed by the body	Activated Charcoal
Acquired immunity that occurs following exposure to an antigen and results in the production of antibodies specific for the antigen; protection against disease developed after birth as a result of a direct exposure to the disease	Active Immunity
Movement of a molecule through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; movement requires energy consumption within the cell	Active Transport
Sudden onset of inflammation of the stomach and intestines	Acute Gastroenteritis
The sudden onset of severely decreased urine output production (aka Acute Renal Failure (ARF))	Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
A particular syndrome characterized by the sudden death of tubular cells	Acute Tubular Necrosis
Compulsive and overwhelming physiological and/or psychological dependence on a drug	Addiction
Union of normally separate tissue surfaces by a fibrous band of new tissue	Adhesion
Transmitted through the air by droplets or particles	Airborne
A substance that liberates hydroxyl ions (OH-) when in a solution; a strong base	Alkali
A substance capable of inducing allergy of specific hypersensitivity	Allergen
An exaggerated response by the immune system to a foreign substance	Allergic Reaction
A hypersensitive state acquired through exposure to a particular allergen	Allergy
An unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign protein or other substance	Anaphylaxis
An inadequate number of red blood cells or inadequate hemoglobin within the red blood cells	Anemia
Marked edema of the skin that usually involves the head, neck, face, and upper airway; a common manifestation of severe allergic reactions and anaphylaxis	Angioneurotic Edema
A form of inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine	Ankylosing Spondylitis
Protein that is produced in response to and that attack a disease antigen	Antibody
Formation and passage of a concentrated urine, preserving blood volume	Antidiuresis
A substance that will neutralize a specific toxin or counteract its effect on the body	Antidote
Surface protein on most viruses and bacteria that identifies them as self or nonself; any substance that is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response	Antigen
No elimination of urine	Anuria
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix at the junction of the large and small intestines	Appendicitis
A waterlike fluid that surrounds the iris, pupil, and lens of the eye	Aqueous Humor
The part of the tubule beyond the descending loop of Henle	Ascending Loop of Henle
A condition in which the body makes antibodies against its own tissues	Autoimmune Disease
The body’s formation of antibodies against itself	Autoimmunity
Cells that attack invaders in humoral immune responses	B Lymphocytes
Microscopic single-celled organisms that range in length from 1 to 20 micrometers	Bacteria
Capable of killing bacteria	Bactericidal
Capable of inhibiting bacterial growth or reproduction	Bacteriostatic
A type of white blood cell that participates in allergic responses	Basophil
A non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate associated with aging	Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Transmitted by contact with blood or body fluids	Bloodborne
Phenomenon in which a decrease in PCO2 acidity causes an increase in the quantity of oxygen that binds with hemoglobin and , Conversely, an increase in PCO2 acidity causes the hemoglobin to give up a greater quantity of oxygen	Bohr Effect
Blockage of the hollow space within the intestines; can be catastrophic if not rapidly diagnosed and treated	Bowel Obstruction
The hollow, cup-shaped first part of the nephron tubule	Bowman’s Capsule
Physical exam finding suggestive of meningitis in which flexion of the neck causes flexion of the hips and knees	Brudzinski’s Sign
A condition caused by pressure on the median nerve in the wrist, with repetitive motion being the primary cause	Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
A clouding of the lens of the eye	Cataract
Generalized, temporary defense against any invader	Cell-Mediated Immunity
Immunity resulting from a direct attack of a foreign substance by specialized cells of the union system	Cellular Immunity
An infection of the skin that often involves the associated soft tissues	Cellulitis
Earwax; a protective substance secreted by glands within the ear canal	Cerumen
An inflammation or infection resulting from blockage of a gland of the eyelid	Chalazion
Highly contagious sexually transmitted ulcer	Chancroid
The movement of white blood cells in response to chemical signals	Chemotaxis
A disease caused by Chikungunya virus and spread by the Aedes species of mosquitoes	Chikungunya Virus Disease
A Group of intracellular parasites that cause sexually transmitted diseases	Chlamydia
Inflammation of the Gallbladder	Cholecystitis
A dialysis procedure that relies on the patient’s peritoneal membrane as the semi permeable membrane. Dialysate is introduced into the abdomen via a closed system that allows the patient to be ambulatory during dialysis. (aka Peritoneal Dialysis)	Chronic Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)
Non acute inflammation of the gastrointestinal mucosa	Chronic Gastroenteritis
Permanently inadequate renal function due to nephron loss (aka Chronic Renal Failure (CRF))	Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Pain that persists longer than that typically seen in others who have the same condition	Chronic Pain Syndrome (CPS)
The surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis	Circumcision
Degenerative disease of the liver	Cirrhosis
acute pain associated with cramping or spasms in the abdominal organs	Colic
the larger structure beyond the distal tubule into which urine drips	Collecting Duct
capable of being transmitted to another host	Communicable
time when a host can transmit an infectious agent to someone else	Communicable Period
an infection occurring in a non-hospitalized patient who is not undergoing regular medical procedures, including the use of instruments such as catheters	Community-Acquired Infection
Presence of an agent only on the surface of the host without penetrating it	Contamination
the outer tissue of an organ such as the kidney	Cortex
a waste product caused by metabolism within muscle cells	Creatinine
idiopathic inflammatory bowel disorder associated with the small intestine	Crohn’s Disease
viral illness characterized by inspiratory and expiratory stridor and a seal bark-like cough	Croup
Ecchymosis in the periumbilical area	Cullen’s Sign
A disorder of unknown causes characterized by repeated, sudden episodes of severe nausea , vomiting comma and physical exhaustion	Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome (CVS)
infection of the bladder	Cystitis
the process of minimizing toxicity by reducing the amount of toxin absorbed into the body	Decontamination
a hypersensitivity that develops after the elapse of some time following reexposure of an antigen; Usually less severe than immediate reactions	Delayed Hypersensitivity
A disorder found in habitual and excessive users of alcoholic beverages after cessation of drinking for 48 to 72 hours	Delirium Tremens
the part of the tubule beyond the proximal tubule	Descending Loop of Henle
the solution used in dialysis that is hypo osmolar to many of the wastes and key electrolytes in blood	Dialysate
the duration from the onset of signs and symptoms of disease until the resolution of symptoms or death	Disease Period
process that destroys certain forms of microorganisms, but not all	Disinfection
a type of hematopoietic disorder in which circulating thrombin cleaves fibrinogen to form fibrin clots through circulation; caused by systemic activation of the coagulation cascade (aka Consumption Coagulopathy)	Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
the part of the tubule beyond the ascending loop of henle	Distal Tubule
formation and passage of a large amount of dilute urine, decreasing blood volume	Diuresis
small outpouching's in the mucosal lining of the intestinal tract	Diverticula
inflammation of diverticula	Diverticulitis
presence of diverticula, with or without associated bleeding	Diverticulosis
poisoning from a pharmacological substance in excess of that usually prescribed or that the body can tolerate	Drug Overdose
disease of humans and other primates caused by the virus ebola virus and transmitted between people by direct contact	Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
acute infection of the brain, usually caused by a virus	Encephalitis
fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear	Endolymph
toxic products released when bacteria die and decompose	Endotoxin
an extreme failure of kidney function due to nephron loss; (aka ESRF)	End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD)
an exotoxin that produces gastrointestinal symptoms and diseases such as food poisoning	Enterotoxin
inflammation of an epicondyle (a prominence on the distal part of a long bone to which muscles and ligaments attach)	Epicondylitis
a saclike duct adjacent to a testis that stores sperm cells	Epididymis
infection an inflammation of the epiglottis	Epiglottitis
red blood cell	Erythrocyte
The process of producing red blood cells	Erythropoiesis
a hormone produced by kidney cells that stimulates maturation of red blood cells	Erythropoietin
swollen vein of the esophagus	Esophageal Varix
a soluble poisonous substance accreted during the growth of a bacterium	Exotoxin
a form of molecular diffusion in which a molecule specific carrier in a cell membrane speeds the molecules movement from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration	Facilitated Diffusion
infection of the fascia (a layer of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and similar structures throughout the body)	Fasciitis
transmission of organisms picked up from the gastrointestinal tract into the mouth	Fecal-Oral Route
the process through which plasmin dismantles a blood clot	Fibrinolysis
a condition characterized by widespread pain in the muscles and soft tissues throughout the body (aka Central Sensitivity Syndrome (CSS))	Fibromyalgia
The fluid produced in bowman’s capsule by filtration of blood	Filtrate
the part of the back below the ribs and above the hip bones	Flanks
nonspecific term often applied to gastroenteritis that occurs suddenly and that is caused by the ingestion of food containing preformed toxins	Food Poisoning
plantlike microorganism	Fungus
death of body tissue	Gangrene
removing an ingested poison by repeatedly filling and emptying the stomach with water or Saline via a gastric tube	Gastric Lavage
generalized disorder involving nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal cramping or discomfort, and diarrhea	Gastroenteritis
words occurring in the general area caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV)	Genital Warts
the male organ system that includes reproductive and urinary structures	Genitourinary System
A systemic viral disease characterized by a fine pink rash that appears on the face, trunk, and extremities and fades quickly (aka Rubella)	German Measles
The removal of water and other elements from blood in the nephron tubule	Glomerular Filtration
the volume per day at which blood is filtered through capillaries of the glomerulus	Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
a tuft of capillaries from which blood is filtered into a nephron	Glomerulus
the body cells inability to take up glucose from the bloodstream	Glucose Intolerance
sexually transmitted disease caused by a Gram-negative bacterium	Gonorrhea
a form of inflammatory arthritis that occurs when uric acid accumulates in the joints	Gout
method of differentiating types of bacteria according to their reaction to a chemical stain process	Gram Stain
Eccymosis in the flank	Grey Turner’s Sign
family of viruses that are carried by the deer mouse and transmitted by ticks and other arthropods	Hantavirus
bloody vomitus	Hematemesis
bright red blood in the stool	Hematochezia
the packed cell volume of red blood cells per unit of blood	Hematocrit
the study of blood and the blood-forming organs	Hematology
the process through which pluripotent stem cells differentiate into various types of blood cells	Hematopoiesis
a dialysis procedure relying on vascular access to the blood and on an artificial membrane	Hemodialysis
oxygen bearing molecule in the red blood cells	Hemoglobin
destruction of red blood cells	Hemolysis
a blood disorder in which one of the proteins necessary for blood clotting is missing or defective	Hemophilia
small mass of swollen veins in the anus or rectum	Hemorrhoid
the combined three mechanisms that work to prevent or control blood loss	Hemostasis
injury with inflammation or infection of the liver cells	Hepatitis
protrusion of an organ through its protective sheath	Hernia
Organism that causes infections characterized by fluid filled vesicles, usually in the oral cavity or on the genitals	Herpes Simplex Virus
the notched part of the kidney where the ureter and other structures join kidney tissue	Hilum
A product of basophils & mast cells that is the principal chemical mediator of allergic reactions; causes vasodilation, capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, & contraction of the gut	Histamine
A parasite that attaches to the host's intestinal lining	Hookworm
Organism responsible for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome	Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Specialized, permanent defense against a particular foreign antigen resulting from an attack of an invading substance by antibodies	Humoral Immunity
any of an order of highly specialized insects such as bees and wasps	Hymenoptera
having a concentration in one substance greater than that of a second solution	Hyperosmolar
an unexpected an exaggerated reaction to particular antigen	Hypersensitivity
a collection of blood in the anterior Chamber of the eye	Hyphema
having a concentration in one substance lower than that of a second solution	Hypo-osmolar
a hypersensitivity that develops swiftly following re exposure to an antigen ; Usually more severe than delayed reactions; swiftest an most severe form is anaphylaxis	Immediate Hypersensitivity
complex of events within the body that works toward the destruction or inactivation of pathogens, abnormal cells, or foreign molecules	Immune Response
the body's mechanism for defending against foreign invaders	Immune System
alternative term for antibody	Immunoglobulin (Ig)
infection of the skin caused by staphylococci or streptococci	Impetigo
Time Between a host’s exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of symptoms	Incubation Period
the individual who first introduces an infectious agent to a population	Index Case
immunity achieved through vaccination given to generate an immune response that results in the development of antibodies specific for the injected antigen	Induced Active Immunity
area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood	Infarction
presence of an agent within the host, without necessarily causing disease	Infection
illness caused by infestation of the body by biological organisms	Infectious Disease
presence of parasites that do not break the host’s skin	Infestation
a nonspecific defense mechanism that wards off damage from microorganisms or trauma	Inflammatory Process
disease caused by a group of viruses	Influenza
entry of a substance into the body through the gastrointestinal tract	Ingestion
entry of a substance into the body through the respiratory tract	Inhalation
entry of a substance into the body through a break in the skin	Injection
an inflammation within the tissue surrounding the nephrons	Interstitial Nephritis
Abscess that forms within the renal parenchyma	Intrarenal Abscess
condition that occurs when part of an intestine slips into the part just distal to itself	Intussusception
a gastrointestinal system disorder characterized by symptoms that include abdominal pain, cramping, increased gas, altered bowel habits, food intolerance, and bloating	Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
the inability to concentrate or dilute urine relative to the osmolarity of blood	Isosthenuria
inability to fully extend the knees with hips flexed	Kernig’s Sign
an organ that produces urine and forms other functions related to the urinary system	Kidney
a region in the anteroinferior part of the nasal septum where four arteries form a network, or vascular plexus, that is a site of most nosebleeds	Kiesselbach’s Plexus
time when a host cannot transmit an infectious agent to someone else	Latent Period
a cancer of the hematopoietic cells	Leukemia
White blood cell	Leukocyte
too many white blood cells	Leukocytosis
too few white blood cells	Leukopenia
the process through which stem cells differentiate into the white blood cells’ immature forms	Leukopoiesis
parasitic infestation of the skin of the scalp , trunk, or pubic area	Lice
ligament that supports the duodenojejunal junction	Ligament of Treitz
Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract distal to the ligament of Treitz	Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
a type of oral bacterial Cellulitis, or inflammation, that involves the floor of the mouth under the tongue	Ludwig’s Angina
recurrent inflammatory disorder caused by a tick-borne spirochete	Lyme Disease
Overflow circulatory fluid in spaces between tissues	Lymph
secondary circulatory system that collects overflow fluid from the tissue spaces and filters it before returning it to their circulatory system	Lymphatic System
cell that attacks invader in immune response	Lymphocyte
a cancer of the lymphatic system	Lymphoma
after neutrophils comma the most common phagocytic white blood cell	Macrophage
a larvicidal peptide	Major Basic Protein (MBP)
esophageal laceration, usually secondary to vomiting, with resulted bleeding	Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
a device for protecting the face	Mask
specialized cell of the immune system that contains chemicals that assist in the immune response	Mast Cell
common sight of pain from appendicitis , one to two inches above the anterior iliac Crest in a Direct Line with the umbilicus	McBurney’s Point
highly contagious, acute viral disease characterized by a reddish rash that appears on the 4th or 5th day of illness	Measles
the inner tissue of an organ such as the kidney	Medulla
dark, tarry, foul smelling stool indicating the presence of partially digested blood	Melena
inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by an infection	Meningitis
occlusion or narrowing of one of the mesenteric arteries, causing a reduction in oxygen and nutrients to the portion of the intestine that is normally supplied by the artery, leading , if not treated, to tissue death and infection	Mesenteric Ischemia
a disease affecting the smallest blood vessels	Microangiopathy
viral respiratory infection caused by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus	Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
acute disease caused by the Epstein Barr virus	Mononucleosis
a cancerous disorder of plasma cells	Multiple Myeloma
acute viral disease characterized by painful enlargement of the salivary glands	Mumps
pain caused when an inflamed Gallbladder is palpated by pressing under the right costal margin	Murphy’s Sign
genetically predetermined immunity that is present at birth and has no relation to previous exposure to a particular pathogen. (aka Innate Immunity)	Natural Immunity
immunity that begins to develop after birth and is continually enhanced by exposure to new pathogens and antigens throughout life	Naturally Acquired Immunity
a life threatening bacterial infection that can rapidly destroy skin, muscles, and surrounding tissues	Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF)
the medical specialty dealing with the kidneys	Nephrology
a microscopic structure within the kidney that produces urine	Nephron
a reduced number of neutrophils	Neutropenia
the most common phagocytic white cell	Neutrophil
organisms that live inside our bodies without ordinarily causing disease	Normal Flora
acquired while in the hospital	Nosocomial
an infection acquired in a medical setting	Nosocomial Infection
Organism that can grow and reproduce only within a host cell	Obligate Intracellular Parasite
decrease urine elimination to 400 to 500 mLs or less per day	Oliguria
ordinarily non harmful bacterium that causes disease only under unusual circumstances	Opportunistic Pathogen
a membranous structure that separates the anterior aspect of the eye from the posterior aspect of the eye	Orbital Septum
Phosphorus-containing organic chemicals	Organophosphates
a painful swelling of the anterior tibial tubercle (bump on the upper tibia just below the knee), often involving both legs	Osgood-Schlatter Disease
the measure of a substances is concentration in water	Osmolarity
the diffusion pattern of water in which molecules move to equalize concentrations on both sides of a membrane	Osmosis
greatly increase urination and dehydration that results when high levels of glucose cannot be absorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules and the osmotic pressure of the glucose in the tubules also prevents water reabsorption	Osmotic Diuresis
degradation of the joints	Osteoarthritis (OA)
an infection of the bone	Osteomyelitis
thinning of bone tissue in loss of bone density from mineral loss that occurs overtime	Osteoporosis
ulcerative colitis that affects the entire colon	Pancolitis
inflammation of the pancreas	Pancreatitis
the tip of a pyramid; It juts into the hollow space of the kidney	Papilla
Organism that lives in or on another Organism from which it derives nutriment	Parasite
acquired immunity that results from administration of antibodies either from the mother to the infant across the placental barrier or through vaccination	Passive Immunity
a disease producing agent or invading substance	Pathogen
the male organ of copulation	Penis
erosion caused by gastric acid	Peptic Ulcer
a pocket of infection in the layer of fat surrounding the kidney	Perinephric Abscess
Inflammation of the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal cavity	Peritonitis
disease characterized by severe, violent coughing	Pertussis
process in which white blood cells engulf and destroy an invader	Phagocytosis
infection of the pharynx and tonsils	Pharyngitis
Material located in the cones of the retina of the eye that undergoes a chemical change when contacted by light, sending impulses to the optic nerve and brain	Photopigments
parasite that is 3 to 10 millimeters long and lives in the distal colon	Pinworm
thick, pale yellow fluid that makes up the liquid part of the blood	Plasma
a cell from which the various types of blood cells can form	Pluripotent Stem Cell
acute infection of the lung, including alveolar spaces an interstitial tissue	Pneumonia
an excess of red blood cells	Polycythemia
pertaining to the flow of blood into the liver	Portal
acute renal failure caused by obstruction distal to the kidney (aka Postrenal ARF)	Postrenal AKI
purified protein derivative, the substance used in a test for tuberculosis	PPD
acute renal failure caused by decreased blood perfusion to the kidney (aka Prerenal ARF)	Prerenal AKI
A management plan to minimize further damage to vital tissues	Preventive Strategy
a painful, prolonged erection of the penis	Priapism
initial, generalized response to an antigen	Primary Response
particles of protein, folded in such a way that protease enzymes cannot act on them	Prions
ulcerative colitis limited to the rectum	Proctitis
a gland that surrounds the male bladder neck and the first portion of the urethra; It produces fluid that mixes with sperm to make semen	Prostate Gland
infection and inflammation of the prostate gland	Prostatitis
Single-celled parasitic organisms with flexible membranes and the ability to move	Protozoan
the part of the tubule beyond Bowman’s Capsule	Proximal Tubule
a raised, wedge-shaped growth of the conjunctiva of the eye	Pterygium
an infection an inflammation of the kidney	Pyelonephritis
the visible tissue structures within the medulla of the kidney	Pyramids
viral disorder that affects the nervous system	Rabies
the movement of a substance from a nephron tubule back into the blood	Reabsorption
the decrease in number of functional nephrons that causes renal failure	Reduced Nephron Mass
pain felt in location other than that of its origin	Referred Pain
a chronic pain condition characterized by diffuse pain, swelling, and limitation of movement that follows an arm or leg injury	Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)
pertaining to the kidneys	Renal
	Renal AKI
kidney stones	Renal Calculi
artificial replacement of some critical kidney functions	Renal Dialysis
the hollow space of the kidney that junctions with a ureter	Renal Pelvis
an enzyme produced by kidney cells that plays a key role in controlling arterial blood pressure	Renin
injury or inflammation of tissues caused by repeated motions	Repetitive-Motion Disorders
any living creature or environment (water, soil, etc) that can harbor an infectious agent	Reservoir
a host's ability to fight off infection	Resistance
an apparatus worn that cleanses or qualifies the air	Respirator
common cause of pneumonia an bronchiolitis in children	Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
a collective term for the network of various cells involved in the immune response	Reticuloendothelial System (RES)
a chronic disease that leads to inflammation and injury to the joints and the surrounding tissues	Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
federal law that outlines the rights and responsibilities of agencies and health care workers when an infectious disease exposure occurs	Ryan White Act
skin disease caused by mite infestation and characterized by intense itching	Scabies
a muscular SAC outside the abdominal cavity that contains the testes, epididymis, and vas deferens	Scrotum
an oily substance accreted onto the eyelids that keeps the lids soft and pliable	Sebum
response by the immune system that takes place if the body is exposed to the same antigen again; antibodies specific for the offending antigen are released	Secondary Response
The movement of a substance from the blood into a nephron tubule	Secretion
male reproductive fluid	Semen
initial exposure of a person to an antigen that results in an immune response	Sensitization
a life-threatening medical condition caused by a whole-body inflammatory state called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS); (aka Septicemia)	Sepsis
infection of a joint, usually by bacteria but sometimes by viruses or fungi	Septic Arthritis
The trapping of red blood cells by an organ such as the spleen	Sequestration
creation of antibodies after exposure to a disease	Seroconversion
a highly infectious viral respiratory illness that first appeared in southern China in 2002	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
illness most commonly transmitted through sexual contact	Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
an inherited disorder of red blood cell production, so named because the red blood cells become sickle shaped when oxygen levels are low	Sickle Cell Disease
the random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration	Simple Diffusion
inflammation of the paranasal sinuses	Sinusitis
substance released from basophils and mast cells that causes spasm of the bronchiole smooth muscle, resulting in an asthma-like attack and occasionally asphyxia	Slow-Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
Sharp, localized pain that originates in walls of the body such as skeletal muscles	Somatic Pain
male reproductive cell	Sperm Cell
process that destroys all microorganisms	Sterilization
an infection of the eyelid caused by blockage of the oil glands associated with an eyelash (aka External Hordeolum)	Sty
Use of a pharmacological substance for purposes other than medically defined reasons	Substance Abuse
entry of a substance into the body directly through the skin or mucous membrane	Surface Absorption
bloodborne sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema Pallidum	Syphilis
A whole-body inflammatory state	Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs	Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
cells that attack invaders in cell-mediated immune responses	T Lymphocytes
an inflammation of a tendon	Tendonitis
an inflammation of the lining of the sheath (synovium) that surrounds a tendon	Tenosynovitis
male sex organs	Testes
twisting of a spermatic cord, resulting in blockage of the blood supply to the testicle and surrounding structures within the scrotum	Testicular Torsion
acute bacterial infection of the central nervous system	Tetanus
the maximum tolerated dose divided by the minimum curatives dose of a drug; the range between curatives and toxic dosages (aka Therapeutic Window)	Therapeutic Index
blood platelets	Thrombocyte
an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets	Thrombocytopenia
an abnormal increase in the number of platelets	Thrombocytosis
the need to progressively increase the dose of a drug to reproduce the effect originally achieved by smaller doses	Tolerance
study of the detection, chemistry, pharmacological actions, and antidotes of toxic substances	Toxicology
a toxic syndrome; a group of typical signs and symptoms consistently associated with exposure to a particular type of toxin	Toxidrome
any poisonous chemicals accreted by bacteria or released following destruction of the bacteria; any chemical (drug, poison, or other) that causes adverse effects on an Organism that is exposed to it	Toxin
disease resulting from an infestation of Trichinella Spiralis	Trichinosis
sexually transmitted disease caused by the protozoan Trichomonas Vaginalis	Trichomoniasis
disease caused by a bacterium known as Mycobacterium Tuberculosis that primarily effects the respiratory system	Tuberculosis (TB)
An inflammatory bowel disorder of unknown origin. If spread through the colon, it is called pancolitis; If confined to the rectum, it is called proctitis	Ulcerative Colitis
bleeding within the gastrointestinal tract proximal to the ligament of Trietz	Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
waste derived from ammonia produced through protein metabolism	Urea
the syndrome of signs and symptoms associated with chronic renal failure	Uremia
a duct that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder	Ureter
the duct that carries urine from the bladder out of the body; in men, it also carries reproductive fluid (semen) to the outside of the body	Urethra
Infection and inflammation of the urethra	Urethritis
the muscular organ that stores urine before its elimination from body	Urinary Bladder
a condition in which the bladder empties incompletely during urination	Urinary Stasis
the group of organs that produce urine, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance for the body	Urinary System
an infection, usually bacterial, at any site in the urinary tract	Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
the fluid made by the kidney and eliminated from the body	Urine
the surgical specialty dealing with the urinary/genitourinary system	Urology
the raised areas, or wheals, that occur on the skin, associated with vasodilation due to histamine release (aka Hives)	Urticaria
viral disease characterized by a rash of fluid filled vesicles that rupture, forming small ulcers that eventually scab (aka Chickenpox)	Varicella
the duct that carries sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra	Vas Deferens
an Organism’s strength or ability to infect or overcome the body's defenses	Virulence
disease causing Organism that can be seen only with an electron microscope	Virus
doll, poorly localized pain that originates in the walls of hollow organs such as the ureter or bladder	Visceral Pain
clear, Jelly like fluid that fills the vitreous cavity of the eye	Vitreous Humor
twisting of the intestine on itself	Volvulus
condition in which the vWF component of factor VIII is deficient	Von Willebrand’s Disease
administration of polyethylene glycol continuously at 1-2L/hr through a nasogastric tube until the effluent is clear or objects are recovered	Whole Bowel Irrigation
Time between exposure to a disease and seroconversion	Window Phase
the patient's body reacts severely when deprived of the abused substance	Withdrawal
a disease caused by the zika virus and spread by the Aedes species of mosquitoes	Zika Virus Disease (ZVD)
condition that causes the stomach to secrete excessive amounts of hydrochloric acid and pepsin	Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
What is the hallmark finding for a patient with an acute abdominal emergency? A. Pain B. Fever C. Nausea D. Vomiting	A. Pain
What type of pain is characterized as sharp and travels along definite routes to the spinal column? A. Tearing B. Somatic C. Referred D. Visceral	B. Somatic
How many liters of fluid can the abdomen hold before any noticeable change in abdominal girth occurs? A. 4-6 pints B. 6-10 pints C. 4-6 liters D. 6-10 liters	C. 4-6 liters
Persistent abdominal pain lasting longer than ___ hours is classified as a surgical emergency and always requires transport. A. 2 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6	D. 6
What is the bolus amount of an isotonic crystalloid used when treating hemorrhagic hypovolemia from a GI bleed? A. 10mL/kg B. 20mL/kg C. 600-1000mL D. 800-1000mL	B. 20mL/kg
What is the most common cause of lower GI hemorrhages? A. Benign polyps B. Crohn's disease C. Diverticulosis D. Ulcerative colitis	C. Diverticulosis
What is the most common surgical emergency the paramedic will encounter in the field, mostly in older children and young adults? A. Gastritis B. Appendicitis C. Cholecystitis D. Diverticulitis	B. Appendicitis
An inflamed gallbladder usually causes an acute attack of pain in which abdominal quadrant? A. Upper left B. Lower left C. Upper right D. Lower right	C. Upper right
You are treating a patient with a positive Murphy's sign, nausea, and point tenderness. If you desire to administer an analgesic, you would use ___. A. Diazepam B. Fentanyl C. Nitroglycerin D. Uses none of these as analgesics are not warranted	B. Fentanyl
Which type of hepatitis is a waterborne infection that has caused epidemics in Africa, Mexico, and other third-world nations? A. Hepatitis A B. Hepatitis C C. Hepatitis D D. Hepatitis E	D. Hepatitis E
Backup of food from the small intestine to the stomach is prevented by the ___. A. Pyloric sphincter B. Internal anal sphincter C. Ileocecal valve D. Lower esophageal sphincter	A. Pyloric Sphincter
All of the following are accessory organs of digestion except the __. A. Liver B. Salivary Glands C. Pancreas D. Stomach	D. Stomach
Mechanical digestion includes all of the following except: A. Chewing B. Emulsification of fat by bile salts C. Conversion of starch to maltose D. Contractions of the stomach	C. Conversion of starch to maltose
The hard chewing surface of a tooth is formed by ___ A. Enamel B. Gingiva C. Dentin D. Bone	A. Enamel
The only voluntary aspect of swallowing is ___ A. Peristalsis of the esophagus B. Elevation of the tongue C. Elevation of the soft palate D. Contraction of the Pharynx	B. Elevation of the tongue
In the gastric mucosa, the parietal cells secrete ____ A. Complete gastric juice B. Pepsinogen C. Hydrochloric acid D. Pepsin	C. Hydrochloric Acid
The liver synthesizes all of these except: A. Fibrinogen B. Albumin C. Hemoglobin D. Lipoproteins	C. Hemoglobin
Bile is stored by the ___ A, Hepatic duct B. Liver cells C. Common bile duct D. Gallbladder	D. Gallbladder
Bile and pancreatic juices are carried to the duodenum by the _ A. Cystic duct B. Pancreatic duct C. Hepatic duct D. Common bile duct	D. Common bile duct
Bicarbonate pancreatic juice is important to neutralize hydrochloric acid that enters the ___ A. Pancreas B. Duodenum C. Esophagus D. Stomach	B. Duodenum
The capillary networks and lacteals in the villi of the small intestine are important for ___ A. Absorption of nutrients B. Mechanical digestion C. Increasing surface area D. Chemical digestion	A. Absorption of nutrients
The functions of the large intestines includes all of these except _ A. Elimination of undigested material B. Absorption of vitamins and minerals C. Absorption of water D. Digestion of starch	D. Digestion of starch
The liver is able to detoxify potentially harmful substances by means of the synthesis of specific __ A. Lipoproteins B. Plasma proteins C. Enzymes D. Steroids	C. Enzymes
Contraction of the gallbladder is stimulated by __ A. Cholecystokinin B. Epinephrine C. Secretin D. Gastrin	A. Cholecystokinin
The cells of the liver that phagocytize pathogens are ___ A. Kupffer cells B. Neither A nor B is correct C. Macrophages D. Both A and B are correct	D. Both A and B are correct
At the junction of the esophagus and the stomach is a circular smooth muscle called the ___. Contraction of this sphincter prevents the backup of ___ into the ___.	Lower esophageal sphincter; stomach contents; esophagus
Mrs. L is 50 years old and has been feeling pain in the upper right abdominal quadrant after eating. You suspect that Mrs. L has stones in which accessory organ of digestion?	Gallbladder
If gallstones are producing frequent and severe pain, the most effective procedure is ___.	Cholecystectomy
Mary is a 67 year old female and has been diagnosed with diverticulitis. Diverticula are small outpouchings of the weakened wall of the colon that may become inflamed if ___ become trapped within them.	Bacteria
A 44YOM has been diagnosed with hepatitis A. He feels very fatigued, has no appetite, and the white of his eyes appear yellow. This color is caused by excess___ in the blood, which the patient's damaged ___ cannot excrete rapidly.	Bilirubin; liver
All of the following are considered part of the lower gastrointestinal tract EXCEPT the: A. Jejunum B. Ileum C. Duodenum D. Large Intestine	C. Duodenum
Your patient, who has a history of cholecystitis, is experiencing pain in her right shoulder. She is most likely experiencing ___ pain.	Referred
Increased hepatic resistance to blood flow, as happens in cirrhosis, results in: A. Hepatic arterial HTN & obstruction of common bile duct B. Portal vein HTN & esophageal varices C.Portal artery HTN & ascites D.Hepatic vein HTN & hepatic vein aneurysm	B. Portal vein HTN & esophageal varices
Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract proximal to the ligament of Treitz is considered to be in the: A. Colon B. Small Intestine C. Lower GI Tract D. Upper GI Tract	D. Upper GI Tract
In glomerular filtration, BP forces plasma, dissolved substances, & small proteins out of the glomerulus & into ___.	Bowman's Capsule
Water is reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood by __. A. Endocytosis B. Facilitated Diffusion C. Osmosis D. Active Transport	C. Osmosis
The renal vein takes blood from the kidney to the __.	Inferior vena cava
The glomerular filtration rate will (increase or decrease) if blood flow through the kidneys decreases?	Decrease
The cells that secrete renin are called ____ cells, which are located in the wall of the ____ arteriole.	Juxtaglomerular, afferent
If blood flow through the kidneys decreases, then the GFR will (increase or decrease)?	Decrease
To help maintain the normal pH of the blood, ___ ions may be secreted into the renal filtrate. A. Ammonium B. Sodium C. Chloride D. Hydrogen	D. Hydrogen
The glomerular filtration rate is the amount of renal filtrate formed by the kidney in ___.	1 minute
In tubular reabsorption, glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by the process of ___. A. Active Transport B. Pinocytosis C. Osmosis D. Passive Transport	A. Active Transport
The muscular digestive tube in which food passes through the body from mouth to anus; includes the esophagus, pharynx, stomach, and intestines	Alimentary Canal
Accessory digestive organs lie externally , but are connected to, the alimentary canal via ___.	Ducts
the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward	Peristalsis
the digestive process in which food moves through the GI tract; includes swallowing and peristalsis	Propulsion
a form of mechanical digestion that involves contractions of the circular muscles in the digestive tract to mix food with digestive juices and increase nutrient absorption by moving food over the intestinal wall	Segmentation
the digestive process in which food is is physically prepared for chemical digestion; includes chewing, churning of food in the stomach, and segmentation	Mechanical Digestion
the digestive process that involves secretions of digestive enzymes throughout the digestive tract that break down food and other nutrients into their chemical building blocks for easier use	Chemical Digestion
the digestive process that functions to transport digested end products from the lumen of the alimentary canal and into the blood and lymphatic capillaries	Absorption
the digestive process that involves the elimination of indigestible substances from the body as feces	Defecation
In reference to the abdominal Regions, all of the following are part of the Superior 3 Regions EXCEPT: A. Left Hypochondriac Region B. Epigastric Region C. Umbilical Region D. Right Hypochondriac Region	C. Umbilical Region
In reference to the abdominal Regions, all of the following are part of the Middle 3 Regions EXCEPT: A. Umbilical Region B. Epigastric Region C. Left Lumbar Region D. Right Lumbar Region	B. Epigastric Region
In reference to the abdominal Regions, all of the following are part of the Inferior 3 Regions EXCEPT: A. Epigastric Region B. Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region C. Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region D. Hypogastric (Pubic) Region	A. Epigastric Region
The inner peritoneum wrapped around the internal organs that are located inside the intraperitoneal cavity	Visceral
The outer peritoneum attached to the abdominal wall and pelvic walls	Parietal
a sheet of 2 serous membranes that are fused back to back and functions to hold the digestive organs in place, stores fat, and provides a route by which circulatory vessels and nerves reach the organs in the peritoneal cavity	Mesenteries
to chew	Masticate
The 2 leading causes of fatal anaphylactic reactions are injected penicillin and ___. A. Inhaled Substances B. Hymenoptera Stings C. Ingested Penicillin D. Eating Peanuts	B. Hymenoptera Stings
Medical term for itching	Pruritus
The appropriate dose of epinephrine for a patient experiencing an allergic reaction with dyspnea and wheezing is: A. 0.3 mg 1:1,000 IM B. 0.75 mg 1:10,000 IM C. 0.15 mg 1:10,000 IM D. 1 mg 1:1,000 IV/IO	A. 0.3 mg 1:1,000 IM
The signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis usually begin within __ to __ seconds	30 - 60
Diphenhydramine acts on ___ receptors	Histamine
During an allergic reaction the body releases histamine in response to an antigen in order to (increase or decrease) dilation of the capillaries?	Increase
The release of histamine in the body from an allergic reaction promotes vasodilation and an (increase or decrease) in vascular permeability?	Increase
The surface of the tooth	Enamel
The bone-like structure that underlies the enamel cap and forms the bulk of the tooth	Dentin
Cells of the liver that produce bile, synthesize plasma proteins, store excess carbs as glycogen, & detoxify & degrade body wastes, hormones, & drugs	Hepatocytes
Cells of the liver that destroy bacteria, foreign particles, and worn-out red blood cells	Kupffer Cells
Vessel of liver circulation that carries deoxygenated blood to the inferior vena cava	Hepatic Vein
Vessel of liver circulation that carries oxygenated blood to the liver	Hepatic Artery
Vessel of liver circulation that carries nutrient-rich blood from the stomach and intestines	Hepatic Portal Vein
The liver plays a major role in manufacturing many of the substances required for ___	Blood Clotting
Structures of liver circulation that carries bile from the liver to the duodenum where it is emptied	Hepatic Ducts
All of the following are functions of the Urinary System EXCEPT: A. Maintain water balance in the body B. Maintain osmolarity of fluids C. Regulation of extracellular fluid ions D. Maintain proper plasma volume E. All of the above	E. All of the above
Anemia that is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12 or a lack of intrinsic factor	Pernicious Anemia
Anemia that is caused by a suppression of the red bone marrow with decreased production of RBC's, WBC's, and platelets	Aplastic Anemia
Anemia that is caused by the destruction of red blood cells before the end of their normal life span	Hemolytic Anemia
Anemia that is caused by a genetic disorder in which the hemoglobin are formed in crescent shapes	Sickle-Cell Anemia
Anemia that is caused by a lack of dietary iron	Iron-Deficiency Anemia
a hormone secreted by the thymus to stimulate T cell production in the peripheral lymphoid tissue	Thymosin

Created by: sarah.thomas32

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