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Integumentary MT4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the organs of the Integumentary System? | Skin, sweat glands, oil glands, har, nails. |
| Definition of Skin | Cutaneous membrane that covers the external surface of the body |
| What % of the body does the skin account for? | ~ 16% of total body weight. |
| What does the integument do? | Protects against bacterial invasion, water loss and heat loss (thermoregulation) |
| What are the 2 parts of the skin? | Epidermis (epithelium), Dermis (Connective tissue) |
| Epidermis | outermost layer, protective, consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. |
| What types of cells are found in the Epidermis? | Keratinocytes( keratin cells), melanocytes (melanin cells), Langerhan's cells (from RBM, immune), Merkel Cells |
| Keratinocytes | Found in all 5 layers of the epidermis, mitosis occuring at the basal level (b=basement)pushes the keratinocytes towards the surface. Poduce keratin, Outer surface (dead) keratin filled cells "slough" off as a new layer forms in the basal layer. |
| Melanocytes | foud in the deepest layer, but it's branches touch all layers, produce melanin, melanin on the surface side of the cells nucleus protects DNA from UV radiation. |
| If a cut bleeds what layer have you damaged? | All 5 layers of the epidermis and at least one layer of dermis. |
| Langerhans cells | Made in the bone marrow and migrate up to the epidermis. Macrophages(phogocytic WBC's - eat bacteria) which help to activate the immune system. Protects the epidermis from bacterial invasion |
| Merkel Cells | Located at the epidermal-dermal junction. Associated with merkel discs (disc like sensory nerve endings) Provide sense of touch to skin. |
| What are the layers of the epidermis ( deepest to superficial) | (B,S,G,L,C) Stratum Basale, S Spinosum, S Granulosum, S Lucidum, S Corneum |
| What are the 2 types of skin? | Thick and thin |
| Thick | All 5 layers; palms, finger tips, soles of feet. |
| Thin | All layers except S Lucidum (rest of the body) |
| Stratum Basale | b= basement, bottom layer. Deepest layer, single row of stem cells (young, keratinocytes). Rapid cellular division (mitosis) occurs here. Contains only some melanocytes and merkel cells. |
| Stratum Spinosum | several layers of keratinocytes and scattered Langerhan's cells. System of intermediate filaments which attach to cell junctions. Have a spine like appearance and provide structural support to epidermis (fxn is to resist tension) |
| Stratum Granulosum | Consists of 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes. COntains keratinohyaline aka lamellated granules ( glycolipid for waterproofing) between skin cells. Last layer to receive nutrition from the dermis. |
| What is apoptosis? | Apoptosis occurs in the S. Granulosum. Occurs because they are no longer receiving abundant nutrition from the dermis (starving, getting old.) |
| Stratum Lucidum | Made up of a few layers of dead keratinocytes. Contains keratin Fibrils, keratinohyaline granules. "Tonofilaments" (type of intermediate filament) Only found in thick skin (palms ,fingertips, soles of feet.) |
| Stratum Corneum | Outermost layer (most superficial) 20-30 layers of cells. Contains keratin and thick plasma membrane for protection. Keratinohylaline, Cornified or "horny" cells. Dead cells which slough off. |
| Dermis (Connective Tissue) | Dense irregular (strong and flexible) and loose areolar connective tissue (immune protection and cushioning layer). |
| Cells of dermis: | fibroblasts, fibrocytes, macrophages, mast cells, WBC's |
| What is the matirix of the dermis? | Semi-fluid (jelly like) |
| Fibers of the dermis | Collagen (strength), elastic (flexibility), reticular (structure) |
| What else does the dermis contain? | MAny BV's, nerves and lymphatic vessels. Hair follicles, oil, sweat glands. (siad to be vascular and innervated) |
| What are the 2 major layers of the dermis? | Papillary Level, Reticular Layer |
| Papillary level | superficial portion, 20% or total dermis, loose CT with many blood vessels. Contain dermal papillae. Indent into overlying epidermis "nipple-like projections". Also contain touch and px recpetors, dermal ridges. Increase friction/grip, surface area |
| Reticular Layer | Deep portion of dermis, 80% or dermis, dense irregular CT, collagen, elastin, conatins cleavage/tension lines & flexure lines (folds where dermis connects to underlying structures. |
| Where is hair present? | On most skin surfaces except palms, palmar surfaces of fingers, soles and plantar surfaces of feet. |
| What is hair composed of? | Dead, keratinized epidermal cells bonded together by extracellular proteins. |
| Hair shaft | superficial portion of the hair, projects above surface of the skin |
| Hair root | Portion of hair deep to shaft, penetrates into the dermis and sometimes suncutaneous layer. |
| What do the shaft and root both consist of? | Three conectric layers of cells: medulla, cortex and cuticle of the hair. |
| Medulla (Inner) | Central core, Absent in thinner hair. Composed of 2 or 3 rows of irregularly shaped cells |
| Cortex (surrounds medulla) | several layers of elongated cells, conatins melanin. Forms mjor part of shaft |
| Cuticle (outermost layer) | Single layer of overlapping cells, mostly heavy (thin, flat cells that are mostly heavily keratinized.) |
| Hair follicle | surrounds the root of the hair, made up of external root sheath and internal root sheath. Together reffered to as "epithelial Root Sheath" |
| Dermal Root Sheath | dense dermis surrounding the hair follicle. |
| Bulb | Base of each hair follicle and its surrounding dermal root sheath. HOuses nipple shaped indentation, the "papilla of the hair" (contains areolar CT and many BV's that nourish the growing hair follicle. |
| Hair Matrix | Germinal layer of cells conatined in the bulb. Responsible for growth of existing hairs and produce new hair when old ones are shed. |
| What is the hair growth cycle? | Growth (anagen) stage - cells of hair matrix divide --> regression (catagen) --> resting |
| Why do split ends occur? | When the keratin fibrils of the cortex and the medulla separate. |
| What causes hair colour? | Melanin is produced at the base of the follicle and transferred to the cortex. Different proportions of melanin = different hair colors. |
| Papilla | dermal tissue with capillaries protruding out of the bulb |
| Wall | Outer CT root sheath from the dermis, inner epithelial root sheath |
| Arrector Pilli | smooth muscle, attached to the hair bulb, when it contracts it pulls the hair up, resulting in goose bumps. |
| Lanugo | Covers the body of the fetus and is shed right before birth |
| Velus | (replaces lanugo) commonly called "peach fuzz" fine hair. |
| Terminal Hair | Prior to birth lanugo is replaced by terminal hair on the eyebrow, eyelashes and scalp (long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs) |
| Coarse hair | Located in the eyebrows scalp and axillary and pubic regions, may be present on the chest and face in males. |
| What determines hair growth? | Nutrition and hormones play a key role in the growth rate, the average is 1-2mm / week. |
| 2 Types of Sweat glands. | Eccrine (everywhere except the nipples and external genitalia) Apocrine (groin, areola of nipples) |
| Where are eccrine glands most abundant? | Hands, feet and forehead. |
| What are Eccrine glands? | Simple coiled tubular glands. |
| What are the Eccrine glands regulated by? | Sympathetic Nervous system |
| What is the main fxn of the eccrine glands? | Thermoregulation |
| Where are apocrine glands located? | Not as abundant as eccrine. Present in axillary and genital areas. These glands empty into the hair folicle in these areas. |
| When do the apocrine glands begin to fxn? | at puberty. |
| Where are ceruminous glands found and what do they do? | Found in ears and secrete ear wax. |
| Sebaceous glands | Oil. Found everywhere except palms and soles of feet. employ holocrine secretion (sebum - lipid_ secrete into hair follicle or pore. |
| What are sebaceous glands stimuated by? | hormones (especially male hormones) |
| When do secretions increase? | At puberty. |
| What are the fxns or sebaceous glands? | softens and lubricates the skin, slows water loss, kills bacteria (protective) |
| List the parts of the nail: | Nail body, free edge, Nail root, Lanula, Hyponychium, Eponychium, Mail Matrix |
| What is the Nail Body? | the visible portion of a nail. |
| Free Edge? | The distal part of the nail (the white end that you cut) |
| Nail Root: | the proximal end of the nail which lies under the skin. |
| Lanula: | half moon whitish portion of the proximal hail. |
| Hyponychium: | secures the nail to the fingertip |
| Eponychium | Cuticle |
| Nail Matrix | stratum basale; where nail growth occurs. |
| How does nail growth occur? | Cells divide in the nail matrix and puch the old cells distally. This continues to happen and is how nail growth occurs. |
| How do epidermal wounds heal? | superficial; only piercing the epidermis. Basale cells detach & migrate across the wound. Basale cells then divide and replace lost cells until all layers have been replaced and the wound is healed. Abrasions and minor burns |
| How do deep wounds heal? | Deep, pierces the dermal layer, dermal damage exists. 4 phases. Inflammatory, migratory, proliferative,maturation. |
| What occurs in the inflammatory phase of deep wound healing? | Gets rid of foreigh particles to prevent infection by bringing more blood to the area (vasodilation) |
| What occurs in the migratory phase of deep wound healing? | blood clot becomes a scab and epidermal cells are migrating beneath scab. Fibroblasts also migrate and begin to lay down "scar tissue". Damaged BV's also begin to repair themsleves. |
| What occurs in the "proliferative" growth phase of deep wound healing? | Extensive growth of epithelial tissue occurs, BV growth, and scar tissue is growing. |
| What occurs in the maturation phase of deep wound healing? | scab falls off: indicating that the epidermis is back to full thickness. BV's are restored to normal and collagen fibres become more organized. |
| Why doesn't epidermal wound healing result in scar formation? | Not enough layers are damaged. Epidermis is avascular. If wound bleeds you have damaged the dermis. No need for scar tissue in epidermal wound. |
Created by:
annette.rmt
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