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Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biomedical Model | •Single-factor model – Illness is due to one factor: a biological malfunction. •Mind-body dualism: The mind and the body are separate entities. •Emphasis on illness over health |
| The Biopsychosocial Model | • Health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors. • Change at one level influences change in other levels. • Changes on the microlevel can have macrolevel effects and vice versa. |
| Advantages of the Biopsychosocial Model | Health is determined by both psychological and social factors. • Multiple factors – a variety of factors are involved in health and illness. • Emphasis is on both health and illness. |
| Differences between the two models | Biomedical Model • defines health as an absence of disease • diseases are caused by specific pathogens Biopsychosocial Model • defines health as a positive condition • a medical model that takes into account the patient |
| Psychology is involved in: | • illness onset ( beliefs, behaviours, stress) • help seeking (symptom perception, illness cognitions) • illness adaptation (coping, behaviour change) • illness progression (stress, behaviour change) • health outcomes (Quality of life, longevity). |
| The direct pathway: | Is reflected in the way a person experiences their life (‘I am feeling stressed’) has a direct impact upon their body through changes in their physiology which can change their health status. |
| The indirect pathway: | Is reflected in the way a person thinks (‘I am feeling stressed’) influences their behaviour (‘I will have a cigarette’) which in turn can impact upon their health. |
| Pregnancy and childbirth: | The news of a pregnancy can be a significant stressor in a woman’s/family’s life. Formal childbirth education has been shown to improve pre-natal care and enhance mother-infant outcome. |
| Childbirth complications: | It is estimated that around 85% of babies will be born without complications Most problems can be predicted with prenatal screening tests. |
| Age of viability: | the point at which the fetus can survive if born prematurely (around week 22). The fetus has already put on weight and has many of the characteristics it will have as a newborn. |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU): | lack of an enzyme that is required for normal development à accumulation of poisons that cause intellectual disability. It can be treated if diagnosed early. |
| Sickle-cell anemia: | abnormally shaped red blood cells. Children could have episodes of pain, yellowish eyes, and vision problems. Around 10% of African-American children have the possibility of inheriting the disease. |
| Tay-Sachs disease: | the body is unable to break down fat. Children usually die by the age of 3-4. It is mostly found in population with Jewish (Eastern European) ancestry. |
| Down syndrome: | when the zygote has an extra chromosome. It causes intellectual disability. It is often related to the mother being older than 35 years old at the time of conception. |
| Teratogens: | environmental agents (drugs, chemicals, malnutrition) that could cause birth defects: • Mother’s nutrition • Mother’s illness • Mother’s emotional state • Mother’s use of drugs (legal or illegal) • Alcohol • Nicotine use |
| Infertility: | Defined as the failure to conceive after one year of regular intercourse without contraception. It was reported to be more stressful than a divorce. Women consistently report increased unpleasant emotions |
| Stress coping strategies | -active strategies (ie. seeking consultation) lead to better well-being -passive strategies (ie. alcohol abuse, denial, avoidance) are associated with poorer psychological outcomes |
| Miscarriage: | 1 in 5 pregnancies lead to miscarriage. • 10%-50% of women report symptoms of depression up to 1 year after miscarriage • 25% of women may show symptoms of PTSD immediately after miscarriage, with 7% still showing symptoms 4 months later |
| The 4 types of attachment : | •Secure attachment: the parent is the “home base”: the child is free to explore his/her environment, but, when distressed, they find comfort in the parent (healthy) •Avoidant attachment: when the parent is emotionally distant, so is the child(unhealthy). |
| The 4 types of attachment : | • Ambivalent/Resistant attachment: an emotional bond characterized by intense unpleasant emotions (anxiety, fear, anger) (unhealthy) • Disorganised attachment: contradictory or inconsistent attachment style (unhealthy). |
| Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development: | – Eight stages of psychosocial development: development of our interactions and understanding of one another, and of our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society. |
| Adolescence: | The developmental stage between childhood and adulthood. |
| Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development | adolescence marks the entry to the Identity vs. Role-Confusion stage: Teens try to discover who they are, and what role they want to take in life – their identity: the distinguishing character of the individual. |
| Emerging adulthood: | The period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into the mid-twenties à still trying to determine their identities. |
| Adulthood and Middle Age | In mid-adulthood, an increasing number of adults begin to take preventative measures when it comes to health It is considered the point where health begins to gradually decline. |
| Late Adulthood | • Genetic pre-programming theories of aging: human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction • Wear-and-tear theories of aging: the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently. |
| Late Adulthood | Memory changes Memory loss is not an inevitable part of the aging process. There are certain types of memory that seem impaired, such as episodic memory (remembering past events). Training in memory skills can prevent memory loss. |
| Dementia: | Progressive deterioration of mental abilities including memory loss, disorientation to time and place, and general confusion. The factors that contribute to dementia are exaggerated by the loss of necessary and valuable social support and interaction |
| Alzheimer’s disease: | Progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities. Also described as ”the loss of self”. |
| Disengagement theory of aging: | aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels. |
| Activity theory of aging: | elderly who are most successful while aging are those who maintain the interests and activities they had during middle age • Life review: People examine and evaluate their lives |
| Ageism: | prejudice against people of old age (stems from stereotypes) à a fear within a society that chronological age inevitably results in mental and physical decline. |
Created by:
elenatz
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