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CHA - Memory
Psychology - Memory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which memory store has an unlimited capacity? | Long Term Memory |
| Which memory store has a very large capacity? | Sensory Store |
| Which memory store has a capacity of approximately 7 items? | Short Term Memory |
| Which memory store has a duration of half a second? | Sensory Store |
| Which memory store has a duration of 30 seconds? | Short Term Memory |
| Which memory store has a duration that is indefinite? | Long Term Memory |
| Which memory store encodes information depending on the sense organ stimulated? | Sensory Store |
| Which memory store encodes information acoustically? | Short Term Memory |
| Which memory store encodes information semantically? | Long Term Memory |
| What are the five stages of information processing? | Input, Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, Output |
| What are the five types of encoding? | Acoustic, Visual, Semantic, Tactile and Olfactory |
| What is semantic encoding? | Information that is translated into the meaning of words |
| What is acoustic encoding? | Information that is translated into sound |
| What is visual encoding? | Information that is translated into pictures |
| What is tactile encoding? | Information that is translated into what things feel like |
| What is olfactory encoding? | Information that is translated into what things smell like |
| What are the three types of recall? | Free, Cued and Recognition |
| What is free recall? | This is when you recall information without any help/cues. |
| What is cued recall? | You are trying to remember a piece of information and then someone gives you a clue. |
| What is recognition recall? | Multiple choice questions |
| What are the three types of long term memory? | Episodic, Procedural and Semantic |
| What is episodic memory? | Memory of personal events |
| What is procedural memory? | Knowledge of how to do things, muscle memory |
| What is semantic memory? | Knowledge of the world, including facts and what words mean. |
| What is serial position effect? | Describes the tendency of people to recall the first and last words in a list of words the best. |
| What is recency effect? | Refers to what has happened most recently – the words that appear towards the end of a list will have been heard most recently and will still be in the short-term memory. |
| What is primary effect? | Refers to what happens first – words that appear first in a list are more likely to be recalled. This is because they have been rehearsed and have become long-term memories. |
| What was the aim of Murdocks study? | To see if memory for words was affected by the number of words a person had to remember. |
| How many participants were in Murdocks study? | 103 Psychology students |
| What was the results of Murdocks study? | Higher recall was found for the first few words in a list (primacy effect) and the last few words (recency effect) more than those in the middle of the list. |
| What was the conclusion of Murdock's study? | These results demonstrate a serial position effect – the position of a word determines the likelihood of its recall. Recency effect is strongest. |
| What was the aim of Bartlett's War of the Ghost study? | Bartlett’s aim was to use a story from a different culture to see how cultural expectations affect memory. |
| What was the results of Bartlett's War of the Ghost study? | Bartlett found that participants remembered different parts of the story and that they interpreted the story within their own frames of reference (social and cultural expectations), changing the facts to make them fit. |
| What was the conclusion of Bartlett's War of the Ghost study? | We don’t remember details, we remember fragments and use our knowledge of social situations to reconstruct memory. Individuals remembered the meaning and tried to sketch out the story using invented details. |
| How did the story change in the results? | The story was shortened, mainly by omissions. The phrases used were changed to language and concepts from the participant’s own culture. For example, using ‘boats’ instead of ‘canoe’. |
| What three factors affect memory? | Context, Interference and False memories |
| What is proactive interference? | Previously learnt information interferes with the new information you are trying to store. |
| What is retroactive interference? | A new memory interferes with a new one. |
| How can context affect memory? | Context can act as a cue to recall information thus enhancing the accuracy of memory. |
| Godden and Baddeley's study of context used how many participants? | 18 divers |
| Godden and Baddeley's study of context used how many conditions? | 4 |
| In Godden and Baddeley's study which condition produced the best recall? | Dry-Dry (beach-beach) |
| In Loftus and Pickrell's 'lost in the mall' study what was the aim? | The aim of this study was to see if false memories could be created in participants. |
| In Loftus and Pickrell's 'lost in the mall' study what was the conclusion? | The research suggests that the mere act of imagining an event has the potential of creating and implanting a false memory in a person. |
| In Loftus and Pickrell's 'lost in the mall' study how many stories were the children told? | 4 (3 true and 1 false) |
| In Loftus and Pickrell's 'lost in the mall' study how many participants were there? | 24 (3 males, 21 females) aged 18-53 |
| In Loftus and Pickrell's study how many people identified the false story? | 19 |
| In Loftus and Pickrell's study how many people remembered the false story? | 6 (25%) |
| What is a strength of the Multi-Store Model of memory? | It is supported by research. |
| What is a weakness of the Multi-Store Model of memory? | It is too simplistic. For example, research suggests we have 3 types of LTM. Or memory research uses word lists/non-sensical words that do not represent everyday memory. |
| Define coding. | Refers to the format in which information is stored in the various memory stores. |
| Define storage. | The process in which electrochemical information is held, ready to be used at a later date |
| Define retrieval. | Is the process of accessing information that has been stored in your brain and being able to use it. |
| Define capacity. | Is a measure of how much; the amount of information that can be held in a memory store. |
| Define duration. | Is how long something lasts; the length of time information can be held in the memory store. |
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MLTCHA
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