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APP Unit III
Modules 9-15 Biological Bases of Behavior
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Action Potential | Runners told "Go" - Tiny pores open on the axon and Na+ ions rush in. This forced K+ out and re-polarized the axon. Causes a chain reaction of other pores opening all the way down the axon |
| Resting Potential | Axon normally here Important chemicals involved; sodium (Na) and potassium (K) |
| Excitatory Impulse | Message saying "fire" or "pass this info on" |
| Inhibitory Impulse | Message saying "stop" |
| Threshold | Minimum level of excitatory impulse need to start a reaction Ex: The older you get, the less likely you'll hear a higher pitch |
| Synapse | A small gap between neurons where info is passed to send impulses or hormones. Used to stop electrical reactions from jumping from neuron to neuron. |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals for neuron communication. Splits into the synaptic gap/synapse Like keys, if they fit into receptor sites on the next neuron, the attach. |
| Sensory Neurons (Afferent) | Afferent. Carry info from the senses to brain |
| Motor Cortex | Controls movement via motor neurons. Some areas gave more motor cortex because more control is needed. |
| Motor Neurons (Efferent) | Efferent. Transport info away from brain to muscles, glands, and organs. |
| Interneurons | Makes up most of the billions of cells in the brain and spinal cord. Relay messages from sensory neurons to motor neurons. Brain connections made up of most of these. |
| Sensory Cortex | a region of the brain which is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain |
| Pituitary Gland | secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands |
| Association areas | Largest part of human cortex. Integrating and interpreting data from the sensory parts of the brain |
| Somatic Nervous System | The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system |
| Aphasia | Inpaired use of language |
| Autonomic Nervous System | The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls glands and muscles of internal organs (ex: Heart). Sympathetic division arouses; parasympathetic division calms |
| Plasticity | Brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Prepares your body to activate fight or slight response. Increases stress, in danger, or physically active. |
| Lateralization | Hemispheric specialization |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Prepares the body for homeostasis; regulation. |
| Neural Networks | Groups of neurons that are connected. Where learning occurs and connections are strengthened. |
| Acetylcholine | Carries messages from the brain to the muscles. Involved in some kinds of learning and memory. Linked to Alzheimer's and muscle disorders. Affected by nicotine, black widow venom and botulism (botox) |
| Dopamine | Pleasure and reward. Used in voluntary movement. Linked to schizophrenia (having too much) and Parkinson's (too little of) |
| Serotonine | Regulates sleep, mood, pain, aggression, and sexual behavior. Linked to depression, anxiety disorders and OCD. Affected by Prozac and LSD |
| Norepinephrine | Used in all regions of the brain. Controls sleep, heart rate, sexual responsiveness and appetite. Linked to high blood pressure and depression |
| GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) | Main inhibitory neurotransmitter. Think STOP. Linked to anxiety disorders and epilepsy. Affected by barbiturates, alcohol and Valium |
| Glutamate | Primary excitatory neurotransmitter. Involved in learning and memory. Linked to brain damage after a stroke. Affected by PCP/ |
| Glial Cells | Helps structurally support neurons (like glue); Forms new synapses, crucial to learning process, and associates new synapses (info) with already formed synapses |
| Limbic System | Border between old brain and cerebral hemispheres. Deals with anger, fear, food, and sex. |
| Hypothalamus | Part of Limbic System. Lies below thalamus. Performs maintenance functions which influence hunger, thirst, body temp, and sexual activity. Monitors blood chem and reward center. |
| Amygdala | Part of the Limbic System. Influences fear and aggression. Not only region for fear and aggression. Also deals with other emotions. |
| Reticular Formation | From spinal cord to thalamus. Controls arousal. |
| Cerebral Cortex | Part of Limbic System. Covers interconnected neural cells. Ultimate control information processing center. |
| Medulla | Where spinal cord enters the skull. Controls heart rate and breathing. |
| Thalamus | On top of brain stem, considered the sensory switchboard. Gets info from all senses EXCEPT SMELL. Bridge between Medulla and Cerebellum. Controls electrical oscillations that slow or speed up for consciousness. |
| Hippocampus | Neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward |
| Corpus Callosum | Ties two hemispheres together. Cut off to stop epilepsy. Personality is barely affected. |
| Functions of a Neuron | To process and transmit nerve impulses from and two the nervous system |
| How Impulses are Generated | Neurons conduct electrical impulses by using the Action Potential. This phenomenon is generated through the flow of positively charged ions across the neuronal membrane. |
| How Nerve Cells Communicate | Used to stop electrical reaction from jumping from neuron to neuron. Before info is passed to the next neuron, it must “push” the axon terminal which change the electrical impulse to a chemical one |
| Effect of Neurotransmitters on Behavior | Effects can vary to speeding or slowing down the ability of neurons to relay messages through impulses |
| Function of Agonist | Mimic neurotransmitter effects or block up re uptakes |
| Function of Antagonist | Inhibits neurotransmitter releases or blocks up receptor site so certain hormones can't get across. |
| Central Nervous System | Made up of the brain and spinal cord. The body's processing centre. The brain controls most of the functions of the body, including awareness, movement, thinking, speech, and the 5 senses of seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and smelling. |
| Somatosensory (Sensory) | Mirrors motor cortex. Gives brain a map of where the touch is. Right - Lets you find the position of things in 3 dimensional space Left - helps you find speech sounds |
| Brainstem | Medulla and Reticular Formation; Control vital functions of life such as breathing, conciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep. |
| Function of Split-Brain Operations | Used to stop severe epilepsies |
| Right Hemisphere | Controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills. More visual and deals in images more than words. It processes information in an intuitive and simultaneous manner |
| SAME | Sensory/afferent -- Motor/efferent |
| Left Hemisphere | Primarily responsible for speech and abstract thinking. Left for Language |
| Frontal Lobe | Higher level mental functions like planning and decision making Personality determined here Also hold Broca’s Area |
| Temporal Lobe | Lower side of each hemisphere Holds auditory cortex (right by the ears) Left side – processes speech sounds Wernicke’s Area – located in left temporal lobe. Pieces together sights and sounds |
| Parietal Lobe | Behind each frontal lobes along the top of the brain Sense of touch/tactile/feelings |
| Occipital Lobes | Back of the brain. Concerned with vision (optical = occipital) Receives info and relays it to the visual cortex. Divides up incoming visual input and sends it to separate areas to process color, shape etc. |
| PET Scan | Uses radioactive glucose; Shows brain activity in real time, not structure Advantage – can see brain working Disadvantage – cannot see structure |
| EEG Scan | Brain waves – voltage pattern Advantages – sense which part of the brain are most active and reveals abnormal brain waves caused by brain malfunction like epilepsy Disadvantages – not very precise only records electrodes |
| MRI Scan | Highly detailed pictures form the tissue’s response to powerful pulses of magnetic energy |
| CT Scan | Creates computerized image passing through the brain Advantage – picks up soft tissue x-rays usually missed Disadvantages – only produces static (non-moving) pictures |
| Lesion | Tissue destruction. Brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body. They relay information between your brain and the rest of your body |
| Endorphins | Pleasurable sensations and control of pain. Lower levels caused by opiate addictions. Affected by morphine, heroin, opium |
| Dendrite | End Line - A neuron’s bushy. Branching extensions that recieve messages and conduct impulses towards the cell body “Dentride Detect and Deliver” – DDD |
| Axon | Starting Line - |
| Refractory Period | Time between rounds of inducing horomones/messages |
| Na and K; Sodium and Potassium | Important chemicals part of the resting potential. |
| Reuptake | Reset, returning back to start |
| Hippocampus Mnemonic | If hippos came to our campus, it would be MEMORIEABLE |
| Mnemonic for GABA Hormones | NO Gaba Gaba (Like Yo Gaba Gaba) "STOP" |
Created by:
RosRae
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