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Units 3 + 4
Unit 3 + 4 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| habituation | a decrease in response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. |
| stimulus | any event or situation that evokes a response |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning that happens unconsciously when an automatic conditioned response is paired with a specific stimulus (Pavlov) |
| neutral stimulus (NS) | environmental factor that doesn't elicit a conditioned response (CR) until it is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US) (bell in Pavlov experiment) |
| unconditioned response (UR) | the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth |
| unconditioned stimulus (US) | a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction (like food) |
| conditioned response (CR) | the learned reaction to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned reaction |
| acquisition | the "learned" behavior or response |
| higher order conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus (NS), creating a second (often weaker) CS. |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response (CR); when a response is no longer reinforced |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response (CR) |
| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS) to elicit responses |
| stimulus discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus (US) |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher |
| shaping | reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. |
| negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (hunger, thirst, touch) |
| reinforcement schedule | the frequency and regularity with which rewards are offered; they can be based on a number of target behaviors (ratio) or on a time interval (interval); types include: fixed |
| continuous vs. partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs vs. reinforcing only part of the time (results in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction than continuous) |
| positive punishment | adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior |
| negative punishment | taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior |
| biofeedback | a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature. |
| insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER |
| learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
| observational learning | learning by observing others; also called social learning |
| Albert Bandura | researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment |
| John Garcia | Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance. |
| Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849 |
| B.F. Skinner | he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats. |
| John Watson | behaviorist; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat |
| Edward Thorndike | behaviorist; developed the Law of Effect principle (behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, while those followed by unfavorable become less likely) |
| sensation | the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
| perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
| inattentional blindness | failing to notice a fully |
| change blindness | a phenomenon of visual perception that occurs when a stimulus undergoes a change without this being noticed by its observer |
| absolute threshold | the minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect |
| Difference Threshold | the degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected |
| signal detection theory | a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, + alertness |
| priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response |
| weber's law | the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by constant percentage (rather than a constant amount) |
| sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
| transduction | conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret |
| wavelength | the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission |
| feature detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to the specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement |
| parallel processing | the ability to take in multiple different forms of information at the same time |
| young hemholtz trichromatic theory | the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color (red, blue, green) |
| opponent process theory | the theory that opposing retinal processes in three systems (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision - helps explain color blindness |
| gate control theory | the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks or allows pain signals to pass on to the brain |
| sensory interaction | the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste |
| gestalt | tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes |
| figure ground | the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) |
| depth perception | the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two |
| binocular cues | depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes |
| retinal disparity | a binocular cue that compares images from the retinas in each eye and computing the distance depth can be perceived |
| monocular cues | depth cues available to either eye such as interposition (one object in front of another) and linear perspective (parallel lines appear to converge in the distance) |
| perceptual constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even illumination and retinal images change |
| perceptual adaptation | in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field (using visual distortion goggles) |
| perceptual set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another, expectations have a big effect on how we 'see' the world |
Created by:
Keira Shafer
Popular Psychology sets