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SocPsych Theme 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| prosocial behavior | actions by individuals that help others with no immediate benefit to the helpers |
| empathy | the capacity to be able to experience others emotional states, feel sympathetic toward them & take their perspective |
| 3 aspects of empathy | 1. emotional aspect/empathy 2. cognitive component/empathic accuracy 3. empathic concern |
| emotional empathy | empathy involving sharing the feelings & emotions of others |
| cognitive component/empathic accuracy | empathy involving perceiving others thoughts & feelings accurately |
| empathic concern | empathy involving feelings of concern for another's well-being |
| empathy-altruism hypothesis | hypothesis suggesting that some prosocial acts are motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need |
| mirror neurons | the area of our brain/system specialized in feeling what others are feeling |
| factors encouraging/discouraging empathy according to Zaki (2014) | - the desire to affiliate with others, social desirability - costs of experiencing empathy, pain of others suffering |
| negative-state relief model (Cialdini, Baumann & Kenrick 1981) | where we do a good thing in order to stop feeling bad, the negative feeling may be external or related to the emergency |
| empathic joy hypothesis (Smith, Keating, & Stotland, 1989) | hypothesis that suggests that helpers enjoy the positive reactions by people they help |
| competitive altruism approach | view that suggests people help others because it benefits them more than it costs to help someone |
| kin-selection theory Cialdini & Neuberg et al, 1997; Pinker, 1998) | theory based on the idea that we want to get our genes to the next generation so are more likely to help people we are related to |
| reciprocal altruism theory | we help others we are not related to because they will generally reciprocate |
| defensive helping | helping outgroup members to “put them down” & reduce their threat to ingroup status |
| diffusion of responsibility | no one acts to help because they assume others will help, the more people witness an incident the less likely someone will help |
| decisions involved in deciding to help someone | 1. noticing/failing to notice that something l is happening 2. interpreting an event as an emergency 3. deciding on responsibility to provide help 4. deciding that you have the knowledge/or skills to act 5. making the final decision to provide help |
| pluralistic ignorance | tendency for an individual surrounded by strangers to hesitate & do nothing about an event |
| factors that increase prosocial behavior | - helping people similar to ourselves - exposure to prosocial models - live or electronic - playing prosocial video games - feelings that reduce our focus on ourselves - social class: do people who have less give more? |
| factors that reduce helping | - social exclusion: being left out hurts & may reduce the tendency to help others - darkness: feelings of anonymity reduce the tendency to help others - putting an economic value on our time reduces prosocial behavior |
| drive theories of aggression | theories that propose that external conditions arouse a strong motive to harm others |
| frustration-aggression hypothesis | theory suggests that frustration leads to the arousal of a drive thats primary goal is the harm of other/things |
| social learning perspective (Bandura, 1997) | theory that we acquire aggressive responses the way we acquire other social behaviors (direct experience, observation) |
| general aggression model (GAM) (Anderson & Bushman, 2002) | theory that states a chain of events that may lead to over aggression can be initiated by two types of input variables: situational & person |
| hostile cognitive mind-set | rejection activates cognitive structures in our minds that lead us to perceive ambiguous actions by others are hostile & aggression as common |
| hostile attributional bias | a bias where people tend to attribute even innocent actions by others to the fact that they are hostile (out to get them) |
| 2 parts of narcissism | grandiosity & vulernability |
| indirect aggression | actions designed to harm another person without being directly performed against them |
| catharsis hypothesis | the view that if individuals give vent to their anger in non-harmful ways their tendencies to engage in dangerous aggression will reduce |
| some methods to reduce aggression | - think non-aggressive thoughts - self-regulation - punishment |
| Altruistic punishment | A behavior in which individuals punish others (defectors/free-riders/non-cooperators) at a cost to themselves in order to provide a public good or otherwise advance the fitness/utility of a larger group. |
| Deterrence hypothesis | threat of punishment will deter people from committing the crime |
| moral liscensing/self-liscensing | Past good behavior licenses one to engage in present ‘not so good’ behavior |
| Excitation transfer theory | theory purports that residual excitation from one stimulus will amplify the excitatory response to another stimulus, though the hedonic valences of the stimuli may differ |
Created by:
veda1
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