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Chapter 6 Psych
Memory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Memory | a group of related mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, and retrieving info. |
| Encoding | a process of transforming info into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system. |
| Storage | Ability to keep information and having access to it later |
| Retrieval | Process of recovering info stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it. |
| Stage Model-1st Stage- Sensory Memory | -Lots of information-very brief-Attention |
| Stage Model-2nd Stage- Short-term Memory | -Held for about 20-30 seconds-Information you are consciously thinking of |
| Stage Model-3rd Stage- Long-term Memory | -Connection to STM-Also involved in routine tasks |
| Short-term Memory- Duration: | *20-30 seconds-Can last longer if repeated |
| Maintenance rehearsal | the mental or verbal repetition of info in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory |
| Short-term Memory- Capacity: | -is limited. We can remember 7 items, plus or minus 2. |
| Short-term Memory- Chunking | Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk.-Some numbers are broken up by hyphens so that that you can remember them easily. |
| Elaborative Rehearsal | Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory.** is effective because you can relate it to something you already know. You are elaborating... |
| Procedural Memory | Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions |
| Episodic Memory | Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts. |
| Explicit Memory | "Memory with awareness". Information taht can be consciously recollected. A.K.A= declarative memory |
| Implicit Memory | "Memory without awareness". Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task perfomance but cannot be consciously recollected. A.K.A= non-declarative memory |
| Forgetting | The inability to recall information that was previously available |
| Encoding Failure | Insufficient Encoding for storage in LTM. |
| Encoding failure- Absent Mindness | Attention is divided |
| Encoding failure- Prospective Memory | Remembering to do something in the future.-May fail -> retrieval cue failure; post its, timers...etc. |
| Decay Theory | New memories create memory traces.-If not used, will decay-Lacks research support |
| Interference Theory | One memory competes or replaces another. |
| Retroactive Interference | New memory interferes with old memory |
| Proactive Interference | Old memory interferes with new memory |
| Motivated Forgetting | Motivated to forget.-Because it is unpleasant/disturbing behavior. |
| Suppression | Deliberate, conscious effort to forget.-Motivated forgetting that consciously occurs. |
| Repression | Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously.-Controversial |
| Deja Vu | A brief, but intense feeling of remembering a scene or an event that is actually being experienced for the first time.French for= "already seen". |
| Characteristics of Deja Vu | -68% of people have had 1 or more experiences-20-24 year olds have the highest amt. (about 3/yr)-people in there early 40's have about 1/yr-happens when people are emotionally stressed/fatigue-usually happens when other people are around. |
| Source memory/Source monitoring | Memory for when, where, and how a particualr piece of information was acquired. |
| Misinformation Effect | A memory disortion phenomenon in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information.*Can distort recollection of original event by eyewitnesses and eyewitness memories |
| Source Confusion | A memory disortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten |
| False Memory | -Distorted or inaccurate memory that feels real.-Often accompanied by all the emotions of real memory |
| Schemas | -Organized clusters of info about specific topics -Can be helpful-Can contribute to memory distortions |
| Scripts | Typical sequence of actions/behaviors or an everyday event |
| Imagination Inflation | Vividly imagining an event increases confidence that the event occurred |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Loss of memory. Especially for episodic info; backward-acting amnesia |
| Memory consolidation | The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring long-term memory codes |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories; forward-acting amnesia. |
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italianbabe330
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