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Psych Chapter 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| consciousness | our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| selective attention | focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
| Those working in the interdisciplinary field called ____ study the brain activity associated with the mental processes of thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. | cognitive neuroscience |
| inattentional blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment |
| dual processing | the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks |
| blindsight | a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it |
| parallel processing | processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously |
| sequential processing | processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems |
| What are the mind's two tracks? | the conscious high road and the unconscious low road |
| Failure to see visible objects because our attention is occupied elsewhere is called | inattentional blindness |
| We register and react to stimuli outside of our awareness by means of ____ processing. | unconscious |
| When we devote deliberate attention to stimuli, we use ____ processing. | conscious |
| Inattentional blindness is a product of our ____ attention. | selective |
| sleep | a periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation |
| circadian rhythm | our biological clock; regular body rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
| REM sleep | rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur |
| why is REM sleep also known as paradoxical sleep? | because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active |
| REM sleep is sometimes called | R sleep |
| alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of relaxed, awake state |
| hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
| delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) | a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm |
| In response to light, the ____ causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness. | SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) |
| insomnia | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. |
| sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
| night terrors | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, these occur during N3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
| why would communal sleeping provide added protection for those whose safety depends on vigilance? | more people around means more variation in the position of the sleep cycle of them; while one person may be in a deep N3 sleep and may not be awoken by external stimuli, another may be in a semi-alert N1 sleep and, thus, may wake up |
| What are the sleep stages, and in what order do we normally travel through those stages? | N1, N2, N3, N2, REM, and so on. |
| N1 | fleeting images |
| N3 | minimal awareness |
| REM | story-like dream |
| The ____ nucleus helps monitor the brain's release of melatonin, which affects our ____ rhythm. | suprachiasmatic, circadian |
| What are the proposed five reasons for our need for sleep? | sleep has survival value; sleep helps us restore the immune system, heal from infection, and repair brain tissue; during sleep we consolidate memories; sleep fuels creativity; sleep plays a role in the growth process |
| A well-rested person would be more likely to have ____ and a sleep-deprived person would be more likely to ____ | quick reaction times, gain weight |
| dream | a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind |
| manifest content | according to Freud, the symbolic, remembered storyline of a dream |
| latent content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream |
| What five theories propose explanations for why we dream? | wish fulfillment, information-processing, physiological function, activation synthesis, and cognitive development |
| Our body temperature tends to rise and fall in sync with a biological clock, which is referred to as the ____ | circadian rhythm |
| During the N1 sleep stage, a person is most likely to experience | hallucinations |
| The brain emits large, slow delta waves during ____ sleep. | N3 |
| As the night progresses, what happens to the REM stage of sleep? | increases in duration |
| What is the difference between narcolepsy and sleep apnea? | narcolepsy involves brief bouts of unconsciousness wherein the individual periodically falls directly into REM sleep, while sleep apnea involves brief moments where a sleeping person is startled awake by a cessation of breathing |
| What are three of the reasons that have been proposed to explain why we need sleep? | sleep has survival value, sleep helps us recuperate, and sleep plays a role in the growth process |
| In interpreting dreams, Freud was most interested in their | latent content, or hidden meaning |
| How has activation-synthesis theory been used to explain why we dream? | we dream to make sense of neural static; dreams are our brains' attempts to synthesize random neural activity |
| The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation is referred to as | REM rebound |
| psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters the brain, causing changes in perceptions and moods |
| substance use disorder | a disorder characterized by continued substance use despite significant life disruption |
| What is the process that generally leads to drug tolerance? | neuroadaptation; continued use of alcohol and some other drugs cause the user's brain chemistry to adapt to offset the drug effect |
| Can someone become "addicted" to shopping? | Not according to the DSM. However, people can struggle to kick an excessive shopping habit. |
| depressants | drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opioids) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
| alcohol use disorder (alcoholism) | alcohol use marked by a combination of symptoms that may include tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use |
| tolerance | the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before the experiencing the drug's effect |
| addiction | an everyday term for compulsive substance use (and sometimes for dysfunctional behavior patterns, such as out-of-control gambling) that continue despite harmful consequences |
| withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior |
| barbiturates | drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment |
| opioids | opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
| alcohol, barbiturates, and opioids are all in a class of drugs called | depressants |
| stimulants | drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
| amphetamines | drugs (such as methamphetamine) that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
| nicotine | a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco products |
| What withdrawal symptoms should your friend expect when quitting smoking? | Craving, insomnia, anxiety, irritability, and distractibility |
| cocaine | a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria |
| methamphetamine | a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, reduces baseline dopamine levels |
| Ecstasy (MDMA) | a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition |
| hallucinogens | psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
| near-death experience | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
| LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) | a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid |
| THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) | the major mind-altering ingredient in marijuana |
| "How curiously [pleasure] is related to what is thought to be its opposite, pain! ... Wherever the one is found, the other follows up behind." (Plato). How does this pleasure-pain description apply to the repeated use of psychoactive drugs? | Repeated use of psychoactive drugs may produce short-term pleasures such as relaxation or euphoria, which are almost always followed by long-term pains such as depression, impaired cognition, and organ damage. |
| Why do tobacco product companies try so hard to get customers hooked as teens? | Teens are especially vulnerable to social influence, often trying to imitate their favorite celebrities, seem more mature, cope with stress, or gain the acceptance of their peers. |
| Studies have found that people who begin drinking in their early teens are much more likely to develop alcohol use disorder than those who begin at age 21 or after. What possible explanations might there be for this correlation? | biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors |
| After continued use of a psychoactive drug, the drug user needs to take larger doses to get the desired effect. This is referred to as | tolerance |
| The depressants include alcohol, barbiturates, | and opioids |
| Why might alcohol make a person more helpful or more aggressive? | It lowers their inhibitions, causing them to more frequently and more passionately act on their deepest internal impulses and desires. So, if a person is generally helpful or aggressive when sober, they will more readily act on that tendency when drunk, |
| Long-term use of Ecstasy can | damage serotonin-producing neurons |
| Near-death experiences are strikingly similar to the experiences evoked by ____ drugs. | hallucinogenic |
| Use of marijuana | impairs motor coordination, perception, reaction time, and memory |
| An important psychological contributor to drug use is | the feeling that life is meaningless and directionless |
| What are some example(s) of biological factor(s) that would make someone who began drinking in their early teens much more likely to develop alcohol use disorder than those who begin at age 21 or after? | a person could have a biological predisposition to both early use and later abuse, or alcohol use could modify a person's neural pathways |
| What are some example(s) of psychological factor(s) that would make someone who began drinking in their early teens much more likely to develop alcohol use disorder than those who begin at age 21 or after? | early use could establish taste preferences for alcohol |
| What are some example(s) of sociocultural factor(s) that would make someone who began drinking in their early teens much more likely to develop alcohol use disorder than those who begin at age 21 or after? | early use could influence enduring habits, attitudes, activities, or peer relationships that could foster alcohol use disorder |
| hallmark of Freud's theory of wish fulfillment | dreams act as a psychic safety valve - expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings |
| hallmark of the information-processing theory | dreams sort the day's events and consolidate memories |
| hallmark of the theory of physiological function | dreams pave neural pathways |
| hallmark of the activation-synthesis theory | REM sleep triggers random neural activity that the mind weaves into stories |
| hallmark of the theory of cognitive development | dreams reflect the dreamer's developmental stage |
Created by:
ccons
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