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Unit 1
Module 2: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Limits of Intuition | Personnel interviewers tend to be overconfident of their “gut feelings” about job applicants. |
| Scienve vs. Common Sense | cience helps build explanations that are consistent and predictive rather than conflicting and postdictive (hindsight) Science is based on - knowledge of facts - developing theories - testing hypotheses - public and repeatable procedures |
| Facts (Scientific Inquiry) | What need to be explained objective –viewable by others based on direct observation reasonable observers agree are true |
| Hindsight Bias | The "I-knew-it-all-along" pheomenon We tend to believe, after learning about an outcome, that we would have foreseen it. We knew that the dot.com stocks would plummet, only after they did. |
| Overconfidence | We tend to think we know more than we actually do. |
| Percieving order in random events | Comes from our need to make sense out of the world - Coin flip -Poker hand |
| The Scientific Attitude Curious, Skeptical and Humble | Curiosity (passion for exploration), Skepticism (doubting and questioning competing ideas) Open-minded humility (humbleness to accept when wrong). |
| What leads us to overestimate our intution? | Hindsigh bias, overconfidence, percieve patters in random events |
| Critical Thinking | “Smart thinking”. It does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Elements Examines assumptions Assesses the source Discerns hidden values Confirms evidence Assesses conclusions |
| Scientific Method | Psychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific method to construct theories that organize, summarize and simplify observations. Systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. |
| Theory | set of ideas that explain facts make predictions about new facts Theory is an explanation that integrates principles, organizes and predicts behaviors or events. A “mere hunch”. |
| A good theory is useful if it: | Effectively organizes a range of self-reports and observations Leads to clear hypotheses (predictions) that anyone can use to check the theory Often stimulates research that leads to a revised theory which better predicts what we know |
| Hypothesis | Prediction about new facts Can be verified or falsified Hypothesis is a testable prediction, often induced by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject or revise the theory. It can be confirmed or refuted. |
| Operational Definition | A precise description of how the variables in a study will be manipulated or measured sleep deprived would be defined as “x hours less” |
| Replication | repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances usually with different participants in different situations |
| Research Observations | Research the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. |
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hibba_rash
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