Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Unit 5
Thinking and Memory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Thinking | A process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating |
| Algorithms | Methodical, logical procedure that guarentees solving a particular problem - exhausting all probabilities before arriving at a solution |
| Heuristics | Simple thinking strategies that often allow us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently |
| Representative | Heuristic strategy - judging the likelyhood of things/allows us to make judgements |
| Availability | Heuristic strategy - cognitive shortcut, how easily an event can be brought to mind, Ex: likelyhood of crashing in a plane vs. car but people are more scared of plane crashes |
| Insight | Involves sudden realization of an answer/solution to a problem |
| Fixation | Obstacle to problem solving - inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective |
| Mental Set | Type of fixation - tendency for old problem solving to persist and make it impossible for us to see new ways to solve the problem |
| Functional Fixedness | Type of fixation - tendency to think of only the typical and familiar functions for objects (no thinking outside the box) |
| Conformation Bias | A tendency to search for information that contains a personal bias ( in an arguement you're gonna try to find info to support your side(biased info)) |
| Belief Bias | The tendency for one preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes by making invalid conclusions |
| Belief Perserverence | Tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence |
| Memory | An indication that learning has persisted in your mind |
| Flashbulb Memory | A unique and highly emotional moment can give rise to clear, strong, persistant memory (not free from errors) |
| Stages of Memory | Encoding, storage, retrieval |
| Atkinson Schriffen (1968)- info processing | Information processing - 3 stages - short term, sensory, and long term |
| Short Term Memory | Memory that hold meaningful information for a short period of time - less than 30 seconds |
| Sensory Memory | Initial momentary storage of info - lasts a second or 2 like a snapshot |
| Long Term Memory | Memory that stores information of a relatively permanent basis. |
| Working Memory | Alan Baddley (2002) -acts as an active workspace in which information is retrieved and manipulated and mantained throuhg rehersal |
| Encoding | Getting/storing information in your brain - some is effortless and some requires attention |
| Automatic Processing | Enormus amounts of information is processed effortlessly (places, times, events, frequency/amount) |
| Effortful Processing | Information commited to memory takes effort - repitition, practice makes perfect |
| Next in Line Effect | When your recall is poor for events that happened right before your turn to preform |
| Spacing Effect | We retain information better when our rehersal is spaced out over time |
| Serial Position Effect | When your recall is better for 1st and last itmes but poor in the middle |
| Visual Encoding | Mental images are a powerful aid to effortful processing esspecially when combained with semantic encoding |
| Active Processing | Visulizing what you are trying to remember, you actively tried to put it in your memory, long term studying |
| Passive Processing | Just trying to memorize, no real processing, only need to remember now and will forget later |
| Mnemonics | Vivid imagery aiding in memory |
| Method of Loci | Mnemonics - imagining moving through a familiar series of locations with items to be remembered |
| Peg Word Method | Mnemonic - A jingle associated with the items you want to remember, it helps to visualize |
| Link Method | Mnemonic - involves forming a mental image/ chunking- organizing items into familiar managable units |
| Retrieval | Getting information out of our memory stoage - cues are stimuli that helps people remember |
| Recognition | type of retrieval, recall something among others - multiple choice |
| Recall | Recall information through effort - fill in the blank |
| Priming | Procedure of providing cues to stimulate memory without awareness of the connection between the cue and retrieved memory |
| Contextual Effects | Improved recall of specific episodes/info when the details/context/environment present at encoding and retrieval are the same |
| State Dependant Memory | Memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of conciousness as they were when the memory was introduced |
| Mood Congruent Memory | Recall ecperiences that are constant with ones current mood |
| Tip of the Tounge Phenomenon | Inability to recall for a word/idea while knowing it in your memory |
| Forgetting | Inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval |
| Encoding Factors | Next in line effect, spacing effect, and serial position effect |
| Storage Decay | Ebbinghaus showed storage decay with his forgetting curve, the initial drop in retention of info but it evens out over time |
| Retrieval Failure | Tip of the Tounge Phenomenon - failure to retrieve memories while knowing the information |
| Interference | When information blocks the retrieval of other information |
| Proactive Interference | When old information blocks the retrieval of new information (accidentally giving out your old phone number even though you have a new one ) |
| Retroactive Interference | When new information blocks the retrieval of old information (In calculus you don't remember geometry because all you can remember is the new calc you learned) |
| Motivated Forgetting | People unknowingly revise their memories |
| Repression | Defense mechanism that banishes anxiety - bad thoughts or feelings |
| Amnesia | Partial or complete loss of memory due to physical or psychological damage to the brain |
| Antrograde Amnesia | Inability to remember ongoing events after the incidence of trauma or disease that caused the amnesia |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Inability to remember events that occured before the incidence of trauma or disease that caused amnesia |
| Overconfidence | Obstacle to problem solving - a tendency to overestimate the accuracy of ones belief or judgement |
| Exaggerated fear | Obstacle to problem solving - opposed to confidence, it is our tendency to be fearful about how things might happen - some fear may be illfounded |
| Framing | Obstacle to problem solving - how an issue is presented can significantly affect desicions and judgements |
Created by:
Keira Shafer
Popular Psychology sets