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Psych Law Chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| confirmation bias | people look for, interpret, and create information that verifies an existing belief |
| photographic lineup/photospread | a series of photos police ask eyewitnesses to examine to decide whether the perpetrator is present |
| weapon focus effect | if there is a weapon present, people are more likely to focus on the weapon than the person wielding it |
| selective attention | we have limited attentional capacity and cannot process all of the stimuli available at a given time, we unconsciously select what information to attend to |
| encoding | acquisition of information |
| storage | retaining information |
| retentional interval | the period of time between viewing an event and being questioned about it; if it increases, memories are less accurate |
| post-event information | information learned after an event can alter memories of the event |
| retrieval | recalling information |
| ecphoric experience | subjective sense of recognition based on a good memory and a good likeness of the perpetrator (or the actual perpetrator) in the lineup |
| unconscious transference | recalling information from our memory that are accurate but are not relevant to the task at hand (picking a person in a lineup that we've seen before but is not the perpetrator) |
| experimental methodology | researcher stages a crime or shows a filmed crime to unsuspecting participant witnesses |
| ground truth | researcher knows exactly what participants saw |
| ecological validity | study approximates real-world conditions under which eyewitnesses observe crimes and police interact with eyewitnesses |
| archival analysis | involves after-the-fact examination of actual cases; begin with proven wrongful convictions and examine features of the cases that could have led to the mistaken verdicts |
| field studies | examines procedures used by the police in actual cases |
| system variable | factors that are under the control of the criminal justice system (instructions given to eyewitnesses when they consider a lineup and the composition of that lineup) |
| estimator variable | factors that are beyond the control of the justice system and whos impact on the reliability of the eyewitness can only be estimated (lighting conditions at the time of the crime and whether the culprit was wearing a disguise) |
| postdiction variable | does not directly affect reliability of an identification, but is a measure of some process that correlates with reliability; e.g., confidence that a witness feels about an identification |
| other-race effect | we're better able to recognize and identify members of our own race or ethnic group than members of another race or ethnic group |
| physiognomic variability | there are differences between faces of one race and faces of another race in terms of variability in features |
| in-group/out-group differences | categorize people outside of our group versus those inside our group |
| diagnosticity | controlling the lineup to make it more likely the real suspect would be caught |
| cognitive interview | interviewing protocol based on various concepts of memory retrieval and social communication |
| relative judgment | making judgments about suspects in a lineup to how the resemble perpetrator relative to other suspects in lineup; happens in simultaneous lineup |
| absolute judgment | comparing suspects in a lineup to memory of perpetrator; happens in sequential lineup |
| experimenter bias | person conducting the experiment influences results based on what they want to find |
| double-blind testing procedures | witness should be blind to the identity of the suspect and lineup administrator should be, too |
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