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Psych Exam 2
Terms forgotten from Ch. 3, 7, 8, 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acquisition | the process of learning the association between the CS and the UCS until a CR is established |
| pairing | (one-trial learning) in conditioned taste aversion, tendency to avoid foods that we ate prior to getting sick with nausea and vomiting |
| uniqueness of conditioned taste aversion | pairing (one-trial learning) and timing |
| B.F. Skinner | operant conditioning and reinforcement/punishment |
| shaping | reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the target behavior |
| basic processes involved in memory | encoding, storage, retrieval |
| parallel processing | processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously |
| automatic processing | space, time, sequence and frequency encoded automatically |
| effortful processing | maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal |
| implicit memory | remembering without conscious remembering |
| explicit memory | memories that are consciously recalled, facts and experiences we know and can state (can declare them) |
| serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items on a list |
| maintenance rehearsal | repeating the information that you're trying to remember over and over again |
| elaborative rehearsal | involves thinking about the meaning of the information that you're encoding |
| linking | link information that you're trying to encode with information you already know |
| self-reference effect | tendency to have superior memory to information that applies to ourselves |
| spacing effect | many short periods is better than less long periods |
| memory consolidation | the neural storage of LTM |
| reconsolidation | the process of LTM memories being brought to STM when actively thought about |
| STM | holds onto information only currently using, extra process for sensory memory, working memory, limited capacity, ~30 seconds |
| LTM | unlimited amount of information, STM can go into LTM, info goes back into STM when thinking about it, explicit and implicit memory |
| working memory | conscious active processing of both incoming sensory information and of information retrieved from LTM |
| immediate memory span | max number of items that can be recalled perfectly after one presentation 7 is the magic number |
| semantic memory | memory for non-personal general info about the world (50 states, sky is blue) |
| recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier (FRQ test) |
| recognition | a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned (MCQ test) |
| encoding specificity principle | the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it |
| reasons for LTM forgetting | encoding failure, retrieval failure |
| reasons for STM forgetting | storage decay (unused memories may fade overtime), displacement (when new info kicks old info out) |
| what is the frailest part of memory | its source |
| source amnesia | attributing the wrong source to an event we've experienced/heard/etc. |
| infantile amnesia | forgetting things from age 0-4 |
| how is memory formation linked to synapses | When a new memory is formed, that involves some synaptic changes in the brain - new synapses may be formed between neurons, existing synapses may be modified or strengthened |
| what neurotransmitters play a large role in memory | acetylcholine, glutamate (formation of new memories, modifying synapses), norepinephrine (formation of new memories, modifying synapses) |
| what is the role of stress hormones and emotion in memory | Hormones released when we are stressed, excited or upset facilitate the encoding of memories. However, strong emotion can be detrimental to memory for neutral events or irrelevant details. If you block stress hormones, memories are not formed as well. |
| role of hippocampus in memory | transfers info from STM to LTM (LTM NOT STORED IN HIPPOCAMPUS) |
| structures for implicit memories | basal ganglia (procedural), cerebellum (classical) |
| structures for explicit memories | amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (TEMPORAL LOBE) |
| retrograde amnesia | loss of memory for past events (part or whole) |
| anterograde amnesia | difficulty forming new LTM |
| H.M. | suffered from anterograde amnesia, hippocampus removed, couldn't remember new info for longer than 30 seconds after, implicit memory still there |
| cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| heuristics | a simple thinking strategy/mental shortcut that allows us t make judgments and solve problems efficiently |
| availability heuristic | judge how likely an event is by how easy it is to think of examples of that event |
| confirmation bias | tendency to seek out and pay more attention to information that confirms our beliefs |
| belief perseverance | tendency to cling to our beliefs even when we are presented with contradictory evidence |
| overconfidence | tend to be overconfident regarding the accuracy of our knowledge and judgments (projects take 2x as long as you think they will) |
| Dunning-Kruger effect | unskilled overestimate their skill, skilled underestimate their skill |
| basic characteristics of language | symbols and grammar |
| linguistic relativity hypothesis | reciprocal relationship between thought and language. thinking influences language, language influences thinking |
| benefits of biligualism | enhance our ability to think and reason, creativity, more cognitive flexibility, better language skills, better social skills |
| doublespeak | aka double talk. language that is purposefully used to manipulate thinking, used by governments and companies to make things seem not so bad (ex. ethnic cleansing=genocide, detainee=prisoner of war |
| convergent thinking | narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
| divergent thinking | expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions |
Created by:
pdeloy
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