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PSYCH 101 TEST 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Algorithm | a methodical rule/procedure |
| Heuristic | a thinking shortcut-likely hood based on how easily things come to mind |
| Insight | sudden ah ha moment |
| Confirmation Bias | tendency to search for support for own views |
| Functional Fixedness | cannot see from other viewpoints |
| Intuition | fast, automatic feelings and thoughts |
| Overconfidence | overestimating accuracy of thoughts and beliefs |
| Belief Perseverance | ignoring evidence that proves your beliefs wrong |
| Framing | wording a question or statement a certain way to get a desired response |
| Creativity | ability to innovate valuable ideas |
| Language Development: | months: 4- babbles (ah-goo) 10- 2 syllables like language (ma-ma) 12- 1 word speech (kitty) 24- 2 word speech (get ball) 24+- complete sentences |
| Broca's and Wernicke's areas: | Broca's area- left frontal lobe-speech Wernicke's area- left temporal lobe- language comprehension and expression |
| Gardner's Multiple Intelligences: | 1) naturalist 2) interpersonal 3) intrapersonal 4) bodily-kinesthetic 5) spatial 6) musical 7) logical-mathematical 8) linguistic |
| Sternberg's General Intelligence: | A basic intelligence predicts our abilities in many different academic areas |
| Emotional Intelligence: | 1) Perceive- acknowledge/recognize emotions 2) understanding- how you may act, how they differ etc. 3) managing- knowing when is the right time 4) using them- to advantage |
| William Stern's IQ concept and formula | concept- ratio of mental age to chronological age IQ= (mental age / chronological age ) x 100 =______ |
| Normal Curve: | mean is 100 standard deviation is where people fall on the average (1 is 68%, 2 is 95%, 3 is 0.1%) |
| Diagnosis of intellectual disability | 2 Criteria: 1) has to have an IQ of 70 or below 2) difficulty adapting to normal demands of independent living |
| Crystallized intelligence | accumulated knowledge and verbal skills increases with age (old people) |
| Fluid intelligence | ability to reason speedily and abstractly decreases with age (older ppl thinking) |
| Stress appraisal concept | stressful event 1) threat -> stressed to distraction 2) challenge -> aroused, focused |
| Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome | the bodies response to stress 3 phases: ex) semester at college 1) alarm reaction 2) resistance 3) exhaustion |
| How stress affects the immune system | leaves you vulnerable: 5 things 1) age 2)nutrition 3) genetics 4) body temp 5) stress |
| Stress effects and cancer | stress affects cancer cell growth by weakening natural defenses |
| Effects of pessimism and depression | -pessimism increases risk of depression and heart attack -depression increases risk of hear disease |
| Ways to cope with stress (2 categories) | 1) Problem focused coping- attempting to reduce stress directly 2) Emotion focused coping- avoiding stressor; cope by not engaging |
| Coping with stress: | -Personal control- sense of controlling environment -Learned helplessness- unable to avoid repeated averse events -External locus of control- outside forces determine fate -Internal locus of control- you determine fate -Self control- control impulses |
| Managing stress effects | 1) Aerobic exercise 2) Relaxation and meditation 3) Faith communities and health |
| The Fundamental Attribution Error | the tendency, when analyzing other's behaviors to overestimate the influence of people's traits and underestimate the influence of the situation |
| Happiness is: | meditation and healthy lifestyle will help you in your spiritual life as well |
| Zimbardo's prison simulation | role playing affects attitude |
| Cognitive dissonance theory | the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts clash ex) rationalizing behavior |
| Persuasion | 1) Peripheral route persuasion- occurs when pl are influenced by unimportant cues 2) Central route persuasion- occurs when interested ppl's thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments |
| Normative Influence | results from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
| Informational Influence | results from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality |
| Milgram's obedience studies | went against what they thought was morally right bc of authority figures |
| Social facilitation | improved performances on simple/well learned tasks in the presence of others |
| Social loafing | the tendency for ppl in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal |
| Deindividuation | the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
| Group polarization | strengthening of a group's preexisting attitudes through discussion w/in groups |
| Groupthink | occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
| Prejudice | unfair and negative attitude toward a group and its members -stereotyped beliefs -negative feelings -predisposition to discriminatory action |
| Discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members |
| Social and emotional roots of prejudice | 1) just-world phenomenon-tendency to believe that the world is just, so that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get 2) Ingroup bias- tendency to favor one's own group |
| Ingredients of liking: | 1) proximity 2) similarity 3) physical attractiveness |
| Bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
| Promoting peace | 1) contact 2) cooperation |
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