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Chapter 16
Human Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chapter 16 | Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood |
| What is the difference between objective and subjective views of life course? | Objective-look at pathways (people's outward behavior), subjective-look at how people construct identity and structure in lives (how people describe themselves) |
| What factors affect the life course in middle age? | Cohort, gender, ethnicity, culture, SES, environment raised in |
| How do developmental scientists approach the study of psychosocial development and middle adulthood? | Objectively and subjectively |
| Jung’s term for emergence of the true self through balancing or integration of conflicting parts of the personality | individuation |
| according to Maslow, full realization of human potential that comes with maturity | self-actualization |
| What is Erikson's 7th stage of psychosocial development? | Generativity versus stagnation |
| Erikson's 7th stage of psychosocial development, in which the middle-aged adult develops a concerned with establishing, guiding and influencing the next generation or else experiences stagnation | generativity versus stagnation |
| a sense of an activity or lifelessness | stagnation |
| Erikson's term for concern of mature adults for establishing, guiding and influencing the next generation | generativity |
| What is the virtue of Erikson's 7th stage of psychosocial development? | Care |
| Neugarten’s term for a concerned with inner life (introversion or introspection), which usually appears in middle age | interiority |
| According to trait and normative stage theory and research, what important changes occur at midlife? | Become more emotionally stable, socially mature, individuation, generativity, interiority |
| How do historical and cultural changes affect the social clock for middle age? | Social clock is less important, women working, middle-age adults raising children, restructuring of social roles |
| What do theorists have to say about psychosocial change in middle age? | Individuation, more mature, generativity, interiority |
| in some normative crisis models, stressful life period precipitated by the review and reevaluation of one's past, typically occurring in early to mid 40s | midlife crisis |
| psychological transitions that involve significant change or transformation in the perceived meaning, purpose or direction of a person's life | turning point |
| introspective examination often occurs in middle age, leaving to reprise will and revision of values and priorities | midlife review |
| time constraints in life | developmental deadlines |
| Whitbourne’s theory of identity development based on processes of assimilation and accommodation | identity process theory |
| Whitbourne’s term for effort to fit new experience into an existing self-concept | identity assimilation |
| Whitbourne’s term for adjusting the self-concept to get a new experience | identity accommodation |
| Whitbourne’s term for a tendency to balance assimilation and accommodation | identity balance |
| What are the 2 processes with which people interpret their interactions with the environment? | Identity assimilation, identity accommodation |
| Compare the concepts of the midlife crisis and turning points. What is their relative prevalence? | It is not highly believes there is a midlife crisis, it is believed there are turning points which can lead to psychological transformation. Turning points lead to changes at various points in life. |
| What are typical concerns of the midlife transition? What factors affect how successfully people come through it? | And maintenance of life, regret over failure to achieve during, developmental deadlines; individual circumstances, personal resources, eco-resiliency |
| What is Whitbourne’s identity process theory? | Identity is made up of accumulated perceptions of self, based on identity assimilation and identity accommodation |
| How do identity assimilation, identity accommodation and identity balance differ, especially in response to signs of aging? | Assimilation is fitting new experience to self-concept, accommodation is fitting self-concept to new experience, identity balance is balancing between assimilation and accommodation |
| view of psychology as the development of the self as a continuous process of constructing one’s life story | narrative psychology |
| Gutmann’s term for reversal of gender roles after the end of active parenting | gender crossover |
| What is the connection between generativity and identity? | people who achieve identity are the most psychologically healthy and have the greatest degree of generativity |
| What has research found on generativity and age? | people with more generativity do better later on, less burdened by care of aging parents |
| What is the concept of identity as a life story? | identity is an internalized story, generativity scripts with a theme of redemption |
| How does the concept of identity as a life story relate to generativity? | theme of redemption or deliverance from suffering, advantaged childhoods but troubled by suffering of others makes them want to give back |
| Compare Jung’s and Gutmann’s concepts of changes in gender identity at midlife. | Jung- part of process of individualization and balancing personality, Gutmann- gender crossover (take some qualities of other gender role) |
| What does research say about Jung’s and Gutmann’s concept of change in gender identity at midlife? | very little research to support it |
| According to the Ryff Scale, what are the 6 dimensions of well being? | self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, personal growth |
| term indicating tendency of immigrants to resist assimilation and thing 2 familiar values and practices that give meaning to life | ethnic conservatism |
| What is the concept of positive mental health? | Psychological well-being, healthy sense of self |
| What are age trends in emotionality, personality, life satisfaction and psychological well-being? | Gradual decline in negative emotion through midlife and beyond, positive emotionality increases, life satisfaction peaks around age 65 then slowly declines, psychological-U-shaped, happiest early and later in life |
| What is the importance of a multifaceted measure of well-being? | If someone is not as high in one area, they can be higher in another, or excel in another |
| Describe the 6 dimensions in Ryff’s model. | Self acceptance-positive attitude toward self, positive relationship with others-concerned about others, autonomic-self determining, environmental mastery-competence in managing, purpose in life-goals, directedness, personal growth-continued development |
| What issues concerning the self come to the fore during middle adulthood? | Midlife review, identity development, generativity, gender identity, psychological well-being, mental health, emotionality, personality, life satisfaction |
| theory, proposed by Kahn and Actonucci, that people move through life surrounded by concentric circles of intimate relationships on which they rely for assistance, well-being and social support | social convoy. |
| theory, proposed by Carstensen, that people select social contracts on basis of changing relative importance of social interaction as a source of information, as aid in developing and maintaining self-concept and as a resource of environmental well-being | socioemotional selectivity theory |
| What are the two theoretical models of the selection of social contracts? | Social convoy theory, socioemotional selectivity theory |
| Summarize the social convoy theory. | People go through life surrounded by his circles of close friends or family members of varying degrees of closeness |
| Summarize the socioemotional selectivity theory. | People select friends on basis of importance such as source of information, maintain self-concept, emotional well-being |
| How can relationships affect quality of life in middle adulthood? | Key to well-being, major satisfaction, people without partner are most depressed |
| What role do social relationships play in the lives of middle-aged people? | Very important role for emotional and mental well-being |
| financial and emotional benefits build up during a long-standing marriage, which tend to hold a couple together | marital capital |
| What is the typical age-related pattern of marital satisfaction? What factors may explain it? | U-shape, happiest early and later; age of children, retired or in peak of work, accumulation of assets, sexual satisfaction, worry of being taking care of in the old age |
| What are the benefits of marriage and cohabitation in the middle age? | Better physical health, social support, economic resources |
| Why might divorce tend to occur early in a marriage? | Satisfaction declines due to teenage children, heavily involved in careers |
| What factors may increase the risk of divorce in midlife? | Partner abuse, differing value or lifestyle, infidelity, alcohol or drug abuse, fall out of love |
| What are the effects of marriage, cohabitation and divorce on well-being, physical and mental health? | Marriage and cohabitation can be beneficial, keep people healthy; divorce can be detrimental, can make people depressed |
| What are issues regarding gay and lesbian relationships at midlife? | Can be isolated from each other, working out conflicts with family members, prolonged search for identity, marked by guilt, secrecy, heterosexual marriage, conflicted relationships with both sexes, friendships |
| Summarize the quantity, quality and importance of friends in middle age. | Usually less friends of better quality and more important, place to turn to in crisis |
| How do marriages, cohabitations, gay and lesbian relationships and friendships fare during the middle years? | Marriage-after 24 years become most satisfied, cohabitate-more beneficial for women than men, gay/lesbian-do best if discover sexuality early, friendships-less quantity, more quantity and closer |
| How common is divorce in middle age? | Somewhat unusual but more common than in the past |
| transitional phase of parenting following the last child leaving the parents home | empty nest |
| What are changes parents of adolescent children go through? | Child moving out, adolescence turning to adult |
| How do women and men respond to the empty nest? | some have problems adjusting, outnumbered by those who find it liberating, especially in women |
| What are typical features of relationships between parents and grown children? | Parents give more support than child gives back, child's problems reduce parents well being, parents have difficulty treating offspring as adult, young adults have difficulty accepting parents concern, enjoy each other's company, get along well |
| What are reasons for the prolonged parenting phenomenon? What are some effects of it? | Failure to launch, revolving door syndrome, child returns to parents home in time of financial/marital/other trouble; more tension between child and parent, stress |
| How do parent-child relationships change as children approach and reach adulthood? | Autonomic, children moved out, parents can get empty nest, revolving door syndrome |
| stage of life, proposed by Marcoen and others, in which middle-aged children, as the outcome of a filial crisis, learn to accept and meet their parents’ need to depend on them | filial maturity |
| in Marcoen’s terminology, normative development of middle age, in which adults learn to balance love and duty to their parents with autonomy within a two-way relationship | filial crisis |
| middle aged adults squeezed by competing needs to raise or launch children and to care for elderly children | sandwich generation |
| condition of physical, mental and emotional exhaustion affecting adults who provide continuous care for sick or aged persons | caregiver burnout |
| substitute supervised care by visiting nurses or home health aides | respite care |
| Describe the change in the balance of filial relationships that often occurs between middle-aged children and elderly parents. | Children learn to accept and meet their parents needs instead of their parents taking care of them |
| What are sources of potential strain in care giving for elderly parents? | Older person becomes infirm, mental deterioration or personality changes, financial cost, caring for children and parents, have to work full-time, balance care giving with other roles |
| Describe sibling relationships in middle age. | 2 findings-closer and earlier and later years, closeness declines throughout life |
| How do middle-aged people get along with parents and siblings? | Can have trouble caring for parents, sometimes the relationship can get harder, can decline in contact or have more contact with siblings as they get older |
| How has grandparenthood changed in recent generations? | Fewer grandchildren, higher divorce, active in communities, employee, raising children of their own |
| What roles do grandparents play in family life? | Can help raise children, make family decisions, visit grandchildren frequently |
| care of children living without parents in the home of Graham parents or other relatives, with or without a change of legal custody | kinship care |
| How can parents’ divorce and remarriage affect grandparents relationships’ with grandchildren? | Grandparents of person without custody don't get to see child is much, relationship can grow weaker, children can be displaced |
| What challenges are involved in raising grandchildren? | Physical/emotional/financial drain, job/retirement plans, leisure activities, social life, health, educational and social trends, age difference, guilt, tension, can't enroll child in school, gain access to academic records, obtain medical insurance |
| What roles do today's grandparents play? | Guidance, companion and play, linked to past, family continuity, caregiver for child |
| How do developmental scientists view midlife psychosocial development? | Objectively-trajectory or pathway, subjectively-people sense of self |
| What 2 things must be seen in context and in terms of the whole life span? | Change and continuity |
| What do theorists say happens to personality growth in middle adulthood? | Development shows change as well as stability |
| What do human theorists such as Maslow and Rogers see middle-aged as? | Opportunity for positive change |
| What has trait research shown about personality development in middle adulthood? | five-factor model shows slowed change after 30, other research shows significant positive change with individual differences |
| According to Jung, what do men and women at midlife express? | Previously sipped pressed aspects of personality |
| In midlife, what to tax are necessary? | Giving up the image of youth, acknowledging mortality |
| What is Erikson’s 7th stage of psychosocial development? | Generativity versus stagnation |
| In Erikson's 7th stage of psychosocial development, what is the virtue? | Care |
| According to current research, Wayne is generativity most prevalent? | Middle age but not universally |
| How can generativity be expressed? | Through parenting, grand parenting, teaching or mentorship, productivity or creativity, self development and maintenance of the world |
| According to Valliant and Levinson, what are major midlife shifts? | Lifestyle and personality |
| What has undermined the assumption of a social clock? | Greater fluidity of lifecycle |
| What are key psychological issues and themes during middle adulthood? | Concern of existence of a midlife crisis, identity development (including gender identity), psychological well-being |
| What does research say about the normative midlife crisis? | Does not support, more accurate to refer to as psychological turning point |
| According to Whitborne's identity process theory, what happens to people's perceptions of themselves? | Continually conform or revise perception based on experience and feedback from others |
| Why can't identity process is typical of an individual predict? | Adaptation to aging |
| What is an aspect of identity development? | Generativity |
| What does narrative psychology describe? | Identity development as a continuous process of constructing a life story |
| What theme do highly generative people tend to focus on? | Redemption |
| What is research’s view of Gutmann’s proposed gender crossover? | Does not support |
| What has research found about masculinization of women and feminization of men? | Has found it increasingly common, may be cohort effect |
| What is related to psychological well-being? | Emotionality, personality |
| According to Ryff’s six-dimensions scale, what period has research found midlife to be? Is there a factor? | period of positive mental health and well-being, SES is a factor |
| What have surveys of life satisfaction found at middle age both nationally and internationally? | Satisfaction rises through middle age, international-follows U shaped curve with lowest happiness at midlife |
| What are the 2 theories of changing importance of relationships in midlife? | Social convoy theory, socioemotional selectivity theory |
| According to both the social convoy theory and the socioemotional selectivity theory, what is an important element and social interaction at midlife? | Socioemotional support |
| What is the importance of relationships at midlife? | Important to physical and mental health, can present stressful demands |
| What does research on the quality of marriage suggest? | U shaped curve, dip in marital satisfaction during years of child rearing, improved relationship after children leave home |
| What is the effect of cohabitation on well-being of men and women in midlife? | Negatively affect men, but not women |
| Describe divorce at midlife. | Relatively uncommon, increasing, stressful and life-changing |
| What tends to discourage divorce at midlife? | Marital capital |
| When is divorce less threatening: young adulthood were middle-aged? | Middle-aged |
| Which marital status tends to be the happiest at midlife? | Married |
| Describe gay and lesbian relationships in midlife. | Some are just coming out, just establishing intimate relationships |
| Describe friendships in middle age? | Invest less time in friendship, depend on friends for emotional support and practical guidance |
| What do parents of adolescents have to come to terms with? | Loss of control over children's lives |
| Who can emptying of the nest be liberating for? Who can it be stressful for? | Liberating-women, stressful-couples whose identity is dependent on parental role, must now face previously submerged marital problems |
| What happens to involvement with middle-aged parents in the adult children's lives? | Tend to remain involved |
| How do most parents feel about the way their children turned out? | Most are generally happy |
| Between middle-aged parents and adult children, when can the most conflict arise? | Groaned children need to be treated as adults, parents continuing concern about them |
| In current times, what is happening to young adults departure from home? | Delaying departure, or returning to it, sometimes looked on family |
| What can make adjustments smoother between parents and adult children? | Parent sees adult child moving toward autonomy |
| What are relationships between middle-aged adults and parents characterized by? | Strong bonds of affection |
| What happens to contact between middle-aged adults and their parents? | Maintain frequent contact, offer and receive assistance, aid flows from parent to child |
| Acceptance of aging parents’ dependency on middle-aged children can mark what? | filial maturity, outcome of filial crisis |
| What are the chances of becoming a caregiver to an aging parent? | Increase in middle age, especially for women |
| Describe emotions involved in caregiving for middle-aged adults. | Considerable stress, can have satisfaction |
| What can prevent caregiver burnout? | Community support program |
| What happens to contact with siblings at midlife? | Least amount of contact, remain in touch, relationships are important to well-being |
| What happens to grandparenthood in middle age? What about compared to the past? | Most adults become grandparents in middle age, have fewer grandchildren than previous generations |
| What can geographic separation of fact in regards to quality of grand parenting relationships? | Does not necessarily affect quality |
| What can affect grandparent-grandchild relationships? | Divorce, remarriage of an adult child |
| What strains can raising grandchildren create? | Physical, emotional, financial strain |
| Why are you growing number of grandparents raising their grandchildren? | Parents unable to care for them |
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