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Myers Module 19
Operant Conditioning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together |
| Respondent Behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| Operant Conditioning | type of learning where behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment |
| Operant Behavior | behavior that operates on the environment |
| Operant Chamber | (skinner box) contains a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking. |
| Learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience |
| Shaping | a process in which reinforcers gradually guide an animal’s actions toward a desired behavior |
| Reinforcer | any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| Positive Reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli; adds desirable stimulus (hug, treat, etc.) |
| Negative Reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli; removes an aversive stimulus (advil to remove/reduce pain) |
| Primary Reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; aka secondary reinforcer. |
| Continuous Reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| Fixed ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| Variable ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| Fixed interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| Variable interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| Punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that if follows |
| Cognitive map | a mental representation of a layout of one’s environment |
| Latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| Intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake |
| Extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
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tpetrali
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