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Module 26
Unit VI Learning (Modules 26-30)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Habituates | a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations; growing accustomed to a situation or stimulus, thereby diminishing its effectiveness |
| Learning | a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience |
| Associative Learning | learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) |
| Stimulus | a detectable change in the physical or chemical structure of an organism's internal or external environment |
| Respondent Behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| Operant Behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| Cognitive Learning | an active style of learning that focuses on helping you learn how to maximize your brain's potential |
| Ivan Pavlov | conducted experiments on dogs, in which he used classical conditioning principles to spur the dogs to salivate whenever a bell was rung |
| Classical Conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
| John B. Watson | American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes |
| Behaviorism | the theory that human or animal psychology can be objectively studied through observable actions |
| Neutral Stimuli | a stimulus that does not produce a reflexive response |
| Unconditioned Response | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response |
| Conditioned Response | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus |
| Conditioned Stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| Acquisition | the initial stage, when. one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so. that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned |
| Higher-Order Conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus |
| Extinction | the cessation of a learned response, usually resulting from an end to conditioning |
| Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction |
| Generalization | the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli (ex. a dog conditioned to salivate to a tone of a particular pitch and loudness will also salivate with considerable regularity in response to tones of higher and lower pitch) |
| Discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members |
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