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Psych Final Exam
Chapters 14, 15, 3, and Consciousness & Personality
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychological Disorders | marked by a "clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior" |
| Medical Model | mental illness is to be diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and treated through therapy (often in a psychiatric hospital) |
| Reinvigoration of the medical model has come from | recent research in genetically influenced brain abnormalities in brain structure and biochemistry |
| Biopsychosocial Approach | general approach positing that biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness / some are culture related, which points to environmental influences |
| The eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa occur mostly: | in food-abundant cultures |
| Disorders reflect | genetic predispositions and physiological states, psychological dynamics, social and cultural circumstance |
| The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes that | mind and body are inseparable |
| Epigenetics | the study of environment influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change |
| Epigenetics shows that | our environment can affect the expression (or not) of a gene, thus affecting the development of psychological disorders |
| Biological Influences | evolution, individual genes, brain structure and chemistry |
| Psychological Influences | stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories |
| Social-cultural influences | roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder |
| Basic criteria for psychological issues-disorders | does the issue or problem keep YOU from functioning as you desire in daily life? is the ISSUE or problem troubling or negatively affecting other people |
| How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders, and why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels? | classification orders and describes symptoms |
| Diagnostic classification in psychiatry and psychology attempts to: | predict the disorder's future course, suggest appropriate treatment, prompt research into its causes |
| The most common tool, or system, for classifying disorders is the: | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders now in its fifth edition (DSM-5) |
| In the new DSM-5, some changes include: | some label changes (e.g., autism spectrum disorder; intellectual disability) / new categories (hoarding disorder, binge-eating disorder / new or altered diagnoses (some controversial overdiagnoses) |
| DSM criticisms include: | casting too wife a net, antisocial personality disorder and generalized anxiety disorder did poorly on field trials for new DSM-5, continues the path of potentially pathologizing everyday life, labels are or may act as society's subjective value judgement |
| DSM benefits include: | helping mental health professionals communicate, useful of research, clients often relieved to identify suffering |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity |
| AHDH is three times more prevalent in _____ than ______ | boys; girls |
| Alternate view of those arguing that ADHD is not over-diagnosed | more frequent diagnoses due to increased awareness of disorder, ADHD is a real neurobiological disorder, coexists with learning disorders, is hereditable, is treatable with medications |
| Mental disorders _____ lead to violence and clinical prediction of violence and clinical prediction of violence is unreliable | seldom |
| Most people with disorders are _______ and are more likely to be ______ than _______ of violence | nonviolent; victims; perpetrators |
| What is a key trigger for violent acts by people with mental disorders? | substance abuse |
| How many people have, or have had, a psychological disorder? | over 1 in 4 adult Americans in a given year |
| Immigrant paradox | those born to immigrants to the United States are at a greater risk of mental disorder than the immigrants |
| Poverty is a risk factor: | incidence of serious psychological disorders is DOUBLED/conditions and experiences associated with poverty contribute to the development of psychological disorders |
| Disorder -> | poverty |
| Poverty -> | disorder |
| Which of the following statements about psychological disorders is TRUE? | one in four Americans suffers from a mental disorder in a given year |
| Psychological disorders usually strike by | early adulthood (first symptoms by age 24 in most cases) |
| Typical age for when Antisocial personality disorder arrives: | age 8 |
| Typical age for Phobias to arrive: | age 10 |
| Typical age for when Alcohol use disorder arrives: | near age 20 |
| Typical age for when Obsessive-compulsive disorder arrives: | near age 20 |
| Typical age for when Schizophrenia arrives: | near age 20 |
| Typical age for when Major depressive disorder arrives: | age 25 |
| Some of us are prone to notice and remember information perceived as threatening, and the brain's danger-detection system becomes hyperactive | when this occurs, we are at greater risk for an anxiety disorder (like OCD or PTSD) |
| Anxiety disorders | marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal |
| Panic disorder | person experiences panic attacks, sudden episodes of intense dread, and fear the next episode's unpredictable onset |
| Phobia | anxiety disorder marked by ta persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation |
| Free-floating | not linked to a specific stressor or threat |
| Parts of generalized anxiety disorder | worry continually, often jittery/on edge, sleep deprived, lack of concentration, two-third women, free-floating, often seen with depression, may lead to physical problems (high blood pressure) |
| Panic disorder | an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread to which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. often followed by worry over a possible next attack |
| Panic attacks | sudden episodes of intense dread |
| Physical symptoms that accompany panic attacks | irregular breathing, chest pains, shortness of breath, choking, trembling, dizziness |
| Agoraphobia | Fear or avoidance of public situations from which escape may be difficult (should a panic attack occur) |
| Social anxiety disorder (formerly called "social phobia") | intense fear of other people's negative judgements |
| Marcus has unpredictable episodes of anxiety where he can't breath and feels like he's having a heart attack. Though these feelings are temporary, they fill him with dread and worry. Which disorder might Marcus be suffering from? | panic disorder |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | characterized by persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both/these thoughts and behaviors persistently interfere with everyday life and cause distress/more common among teens+young adults/strong genetic basis |
| Washing one's hands 100 times a day would be an example of (a/an): | compulsion |
| Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience |
| Facts of PSTD | women are at higher risk (1 in 10) than men (1 in 20), most men and women display impressive survivor resiliency |
| Conditioning research | helps explain how panic-prone people associate anxiety with certain cues. learning may magnify a single painful and frightening event into a full-blown phobia through stimulus generalization and reinforcement |
| Stimulus generalization | research demonstrates how a fearful event can later become a fear of similar events |
| Reinforcement | can help maintain a developed and generalized phobia |
| Conditioning | influences our feelings of anxiety, but so does cognition |
| Cognition | thoughts, memories, interpretations, and expectations |
| Hypervigilance | our interpretations and expectations also shape our reactions |
| Genes | genetic predisposition to anxiety, OCD, and PTSD/researchers have identified 17 gene variations associated with typical anxiety disorder symptoms |
| Genes influence levels of neurotransmitters like _____ and ________ | serotonin; glutamate |
| Serotonin | influences sleep, mood, attending to threat |
| Glutamate | heightens activity in the brain's alarm centers |
| Epigenetic marks | often organic molecules that attach to chromosomes and turn certain genes ON OR OFF |
| The Brain | traumatic fear-learning experiences can leave tracks in this/fear circuits created within the amygdala result in easy inroads for more fear experiences/scans show higher activity in amygdala in people with PTSD when they view traumatic images |
| Anterior cingulate cortex | brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, is especially likely to be hyperactive in people with OCD |
| Natural Selection | we seem biologically prepared to fear certain threats-these are easily conditioned and difficult to extinguish/some modern fears may have an evolutionary explanation |
| Major depressive disorder | a disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be a depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure |
| Bipolar disorder (formerly called "manic depressive disorder") | a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania |
| Some disorders may have a _______ ________ | seasonal pattern |
| Depression | protects us from dangerous thoughts and feelings, letting us slow down |
| Reassessing life may | redirect our energy in promising ways, and even mild sadness can be helpful sometimes |
| Depression is the number one reason people seek: | medical health services |
| United States percentage: | 7.6% experience moderate or severe depression |
| Worldwide percentage: | 3.95% men and 7.2% women have a depressive episode |
| DSM-5 classifies at least five of the following symptoms over a two-week period of time | depressed mood, reduced interest/joy, regulating appetite and weight, regulating sleep, physical agitation or lethargy, feeling listless or with much less energy, feeling worthless/unwarranted guilt, problems in thinking/concentrate/decisions, suicidal |
| A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common is called: | mania |
| The depressed brain | brain activity slows during depression, increases during mania |
| Left frontal lobe and adjacent reward center | become more active during positive emotions |
| Neurotransmitters norepinephrine | scare during depression; overabundant during mania |
| Neurotransmitter serotonin | scarce/inactive during depression |
| Depression-relieving drugs | increase serotonin supplies |
| Repetitive physical exercise | decreases depression by increasing serotonin |
| Nutritional Effects | what's good for the heart is also good for the brain and mind |
| People who eat heart-healthy "Mediterranean diet" (heavy on vegetables, fish, and olive oil) have: | a comparatively low risk of depression as well as lower risk for many other ailments |
| Excessive alcohol use | correlates with depression |
| Alcohol misuse in fact: | leads to depression |
| Biological influences: | contribute to depression, but our life experiences also play a part |
| People's assumptions and expectations | influence what they perceive |
| Many depressed people have | low self-esteem, holding negative views of themselves, their situation, and their future |
| Their self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory style often | feed depression's vicious cycle |
| Learned helplessness | may exists with self-defeating beliefs, self-focused rumination, and self-blaming and pessimistic explanatory style (women react to stress more strongly than men) |
| Rumination | compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes |
| What can rumination do? | can divert us from thinking about other life tasks and can increase negative moods |
| Depression's vicious cycle | stress viewed negatively that makes one depressed and hampers how one thinks/acts (then this repeats) |
| Schizophrenia | a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression |
| Psychotic disorder | marked by irrationality, distorted perceptions, and lost contact with reality |
| Positive symptoms | presence of inappropriate behavior (ex: talking to something/someone others don't see) |
| Negative symptoms | absence of appropriate behavior |
| Disturbed perceptions | hallucinations like seeing, feeling, tasting, smelling things that exist only in the mind |
| Disorganized thinking and speech | like delusions (false beliefs) / may have paranoid tendencies / world salad (senseless speech) and a breakdown in selective attention |
| Flat affect | emotionless, a state of no apparent feeling |
| Impaired theory of mind | difficulty reading other people's facial emotions and states of mind |
| Emotional deficiencies occur | early in illness and have a genetic basis |
| Inappropriate motor behavior | motionless catatonia or senseless compulsive actions (having to fling an arm or flip a table) |
| Chronic schizophrenia (also called process schizophrenia) | form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood/as people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten |
| Acute schizophrenia (also called reactive schizophrenia) | form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods / often positive symptoms that respond to drug therapy |
| Brain abnormalities | dopamine overactivity and abnormal brain activity and anatomy |
| Dopamine Overactivity | resulting hyper-responsive dopamine system could intensify brain signals, creating positive symptoms (causes you to see things normally screened out) |
| Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy | often low activity in thalamus and amygdala when experiencing hallucinations/enlarged, fluid-filled areas and corresponding shrinkage and thinning of cerebral tissue/smaller-than-normal cortex and corpus callosum (COGNITION LOW: NOT KEYING INFO IMP TO US) |
| Prenatal Events Associated with Increased Risk of Developing Schizophrenia | low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older paternal age, lack of oxygen during delivery, maternal prenatal nutrition, midpregnancy viral infection (factors examined include flu incidence, population density, season of birth) |
| Odds of being diagnosed with schizophrenia are | nearly 1 in 100; 1 in 10 for those with diagnosed family member |
| Schizophrenia influenced by many genes | Some influence the activity of dopamine and other brain neurotransmitters / others affect the production of myelin |
| Epigenetic factors | influence gene expression |
| A controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings is called: | dissociative disorder |
| Dissociative identity disorder (DID) (formerly called multiple personality disorder) | rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities |
| Every time a movie about DID comes out: | DID diagnoses spikes |
| Where is DID most commonly found? | in the US |
| When did DID increase dramatically? | in the late twentieth century |
| Some psychodynamic theorists view DID as: | a manifestation of feelings of anxiety |
| Some learning theorists view this disorder as: | a response learned when behaviors are reinforced by anxiety-reduction |
| Some clinicians include dissociative orders under the umbrella of: | posttraumatic stress disorder |
| Personality disorders | inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
| Personality disorders form three clusters characterized by: | anxiety that inclines avoidant personality disorder/odd behaviors, such as schizotypal personality disorder/dramatic or impulsive behaviors as seen in borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and anti social personality disorder |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members / often impulsiveness, fearlessness, irresponsibility |
| Criminality is not an | essential component or antisocial behavior--many criminals do not fit the description of antisocial personality disorder (since they show responsible concern for their friends and family members) |
| Biological relatives of people with antisocial and unemotional tendencies are | at an increased risk for antisocial behavior |
| Genetic predispositions may | interact with the environment to produce the altered brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorder |
| Which personality disorder is characterized by a lack of conscious for wrongdoing and may involve aggressive and ruthless acts? | antisocial personality disorder |
| Tanya unknowingly switches her thinking and behavior from that of an 18-year old American female to a 5 year-old Cuban boy. Witnesses claim it's like observing two different people. Tanya may be suffering from: | dissociative identity disorder |
| Anorexia nervosa | person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight |
| Bulimia nervosa | person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), sometimes followed by fasting or excessive exercise |
| Binge-eating disorder | significant binge eating, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting |
| Carlos is extremely self-conscious about his weight. Often, he starves himself for days and works-out 7 days a week for hours on end. Despite his behavior, he still feels fat (though he is considerable underweight). What disorder does Carlos have? | anorexia nervosa |
| Psychotherapy | a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth |
| Biomedical therapy | offers medications and other biological treatments; prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology |
| Eclectic approach | approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy |
| Psychoanalysis | Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, interpretations of them--and the therapist's interpretations of them--released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight |
| Techniques of Psychoanalysis | resistance, interpretation, transference |
| Resistance | the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
| Interpretation | analyst providing meanings to thoughts, dreams, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight |
| Transference | occurs when the patient transfers to the analyst emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) |
| Psychodynamic therapy | therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight |
| Given that humanistic therapies aim to give clients new insights, as is the case with psychodynamic therapies, both are often referred to as: | insight therapies |
| Rogers' client-centered therapy involves | active listening and unconditional positive regard |
| Behavior therapists | (unlike those with an insight therapy approach) doubt the healing power of self-awareness believing instead that problem behaviors are the problem |
| Counterpointing | uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning |
| Exposure Therapies | treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid; includes systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy |
| Systematic desensitization | associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli |
| Virtual reality exposure therapy | treats anxiety by progressively exposing people to creative electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking (GOOD WITH PHOBIAS) |
| Aversive Conditioning | creates a negative response to a harmful stimulus or unwanted behavior (ex: mixing gross drug with something someone is addicted to (like alcohol) and this makes them not want alcohol anymore) |
| Cognitive therapies | teaches people adaptive ways of thinking/assumes that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions/anxiety-provoking thoughts are usually negative/cognitive therapy aims to change negative thoughts to perceiving them in constructive way |
| Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) | an integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) |
| What therapy works best for bed-wetting | behavior therapies |
| What therapy works best for phobias | behavior therapies |
| What therapy works best for compulsions | behavior therapies |
| What therapy works best for marital problems | behavior therapies |
| What therapy works best for sexual dysfunctions | behavior therapies |
| What therapies works best for depression | psychodynamic therapy /cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies |
| What therapies works best for anxiety | psychodynamic therapy /cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies |
| What therapy works best for PTSD | cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies |
| Evidence-based practice | integration of best available research with clinicians' expertise and patients' characteristics, preferences, and circumstances |
| Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) | therapy comes not from the eyes movement but rather from the exposure therapy nature of the treatments (plus some placebo effect) |
| Light Exposure Therapy | relief from depression symptoms for those with a seasonal pattern of major depressive disorder / light therapy activates a brain region that influences the body's arousal and hormones |
| Therapeutic alliance | a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and a client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem |
| Psychopharmacology | study of drug effects on mind and behavior / its discoveries have helped make drug therapy the most widely used biomedical therapy and emptied mental hospitals |
| Antipsychotic drugs | drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder |
| Antianxiety drugs | drugs used to control anxiety and agitation |
| Antidepressant drugs | drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder |
| Depakote | originally used to treat epilepsy, but found useful for controlling manic episodes |
| Lithium | simple salt that levels out the emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder |
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | manipulates brain by shocking it; used for severely depressed patients |
| Magnetic Stiumulation | neural stimulation technique used to treat depression |
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) | sends magnetic energy to brain surface through coiled wire help close to brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity |
| Deep brain stimulation | manipulates depressed brain via implanted electrodes; inhibits activity related to negative emotions and thoughts |
| Psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior (irreversible and thus the least-used biomedical therapy) |
| Lobotomy | psychosurgical procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain |
| Resilience | the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma |
| Posttraumatic growth might be | an outcome when struggling with challenging crises |
| Consciousness | awareness of self and environment |
| Over time, we move between different states of consciousness, including: | normal waking consciousness and various altered states |
| Spontaneously occurring states | daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming |
| Physiologically occurring states | hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation (PHYSICAL + PSYCHOLOGICAL MANIPULATION) |
| Psychologically occurring states | sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation |
| Which altered state of consciousness is physiologically induced? | hallucination or orgasm |
| Doors of perception | eyes of human have two functions: seeing energy (we don't do this) and looking at things in the world (neither of these functions are better than the other but training the eye to only look is unecessary) |
| Cognitive Neuroscience | interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with mental processes |
| Conscious Experiences | arise from synchronized activity across the brain |
| Selective Attention | conscious awareness focused on a particular stimulus; ex: cocktail party effect |
| Selective Attention and Accidents | rapid switching between activities degrades sustained, focused attention (distractions)/digital device use while driving increases the risk for traffic accidents/talking with passengers also increases this risk |
| Inattentional Blindness | failing to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere |
| Change Blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment (form of inattentional blindness) |
| We experience _____ when we fail to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. | inattentional blindess |
| Dual Processing | simultaneous information processing on separate conscious and unconscious tracks |
| Blindsight | responding to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it (visual action track/visual perception track) |
| Parallel Processing | processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at once (reflexes when something is falling) |
| Sequential Processing | processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; new information processing or difficult problem solving (when new info is processing or there is trouble problem solving) |
| Two Biological Rhythms | 24-hour biological clock and 90-minute sleep cycle |
| Circadian Rhythm | internal biological clock (natural clock with body + brain) / altered by age and experience (older people don't need as much sleep) (night owls versus morning types) |
| Sleep, according to the textbook: | is a periodic, natural loss of consciousness |
| Sleep Stages | NREM-1 (N1), NREM-2 (N2), NREM-3 (N3), REM (R) |
| About every 90 minutes: | people cycle through distinct sleep stages |
| NREM-1 (N1) | slow breathing and irregular brain waves; hallucinations; hypnagogic (hypnic) sensations; brief |
| NREM-2 (N2) | relaxed more deeply; 20 minutes; sleep spindles that aid memory processing |
| NREM-3 (N3) | deep sleep; 30 minutes; slow delta waves |
| REM (R) | rapid and saw-toothed brain waves; heat rate rise; rapid and irregular breathing; darting eyes in momentary activity burst behind closed lids/genital arousal; active motor cortex messages blocked by brainstem; paradoxical sleep; protective paralysis |
| Which stage is the typical walking beta wave for psychopaths and why? | NREM-3 (N3) because they are super relaxed and are in a different type of reality |
| Which stage do dreams occur? | REM (R) |
| Which stage of sleep is also known as paradoxical sleep? | REM |
| As a young adult you typically wake up at least how many times? | 3 times (not the same for everyone) |
| As an older adult you typically wake up at least how many times? | 10-15 times (not the same for everyone) |
| What affects our sleep patterns? | genetic influences, cultural influences, effects of presence or absence of light on the 24-hour biological clock |
| Presence or absence of light is | a huge factor and the light-sensitive retinal proteins are what cause the reactions |
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) | decreases melatonin production |
| Chronic state of desynchronization among | night-shift workers |
| In response to _____, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thereby modifying our feelings of sleepiness | light |
| When you don't produce enough _____, you have trouble sleeping | melatonin |
| Sleep functions (pros of sleeping) | protection, recuperation, restoration and rebuilding of fading day memories, feeding creative thinking, supporting growth |
| Sleep debts | takes at least TWO WEEKS for recovery/in unrestricted sleep, people average 7.5 to 9 hours of sleep after sleep debt is paid/high school (28 percent) and college (69 percent) students report feeling tired or being sleep deprived |
| Sleep loss effects | conflicts in friendships, depression predictor (get depression), diminished productivity and increased risk for accidents, weight gain, physical health |
| How sleep deprivation affects the brain | decreased attention and process and store memories; increased risk of depression; decreased metabolic rate; increased cortisol; enhanced limbic brain responses to the mere sight of food; decreased cortical responses--reducing ability to resist temptation |
| How sleep deprivation affects the immune system | decreased production of immune cells; increased risk of viral infections, such as colds |
| How sleep deprivation affects fat cells | increased production; greater risk of obesity |
| How sleep deprivation affects joints | increased inflammation and artritis |
| How sleep deprivation affects the heart | increased risk of high blood pressure |
| How sleep deprivation affects the stomach | increase in the hunger; arousing hormone ghrelin; decrease in the hunger-suppressing hormone leptin |
| How sleep deprivation affects muscles | reduced strength; slower reaction time and motor learning |
| Major sleep disorders | insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleepwalking and sleep talking, night terrors |
| Insomnia | trouble sleeping/can't sleep |
| Narcolepsy | trouble staying awake/passing out at random times with no warning |
| Sleep apnea | restricted/stopped breathing + more when sleeping |
| Which sleep disorder is characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks? | narcolepsy |
| 8 of 10 dreams contain at least one _____ ______ or _____ | negative event; emotion |
| Why we dream | to satisfy own wishes, to file away memories, to develop and preserve neural pathways, to make sense of neural static, to reflect cognitive development |
| Substance Use Disorder | drug use continues despite significant life disruption/brain changes may persist after quitting (cravings)/severity varies from mild to moderate to severe |
| Tolerance | continued use of alcohol and some drugs (not marijuana), user's brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug effect (neuroadaptation)/to get the same feel, users take larger doses, which increase the risk of addiction and developing a substance use disorder |
| Addiction | caused by ever-increasing doses of most psychoactive drugs (including prescription painkillers)/user craves drug, to continue use despite adverse consequences, + struggle when trying to stop (substance use disorder)/users WANT more than they like the drug |
| Behavior addictions | psychologists try to avoid using "addiction" to label driven, excessive behaviors such as eating, work, sex, and accumulating wealth |
| Three major categories of psychoactive drugs | depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens |
| All psychoactive drugs do their work at the brain's synapses by | stimulating, inhibiting, or mimicking activity of the brain's own chemical messengers, the neurotransmitters |
| Depressants | calm neural activity and slow body functions |
| Alcohol | depressant; disinhibitor |
| Alcohol use disorder | marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and drive to continue problematic use |
| Affects of alcohol use disorder | slowed neural processing, memory disruption, reduced self-awareness, expectancy effects |
| Barbiturates | tranquilizers; depress nervous system activity/Nembutal, Seconal, Amytal (induce sleep or reduce anxiety)/can be LETHAL when combined with alcohol |
| Opiates | depress neural functioning/opium and derivatives: heroin, methadone; pain narcotics (OxyContin and fentanyl)/cessation of endorphin production |
| Stimulants | excite neural activity and speed up body functions; rise in energy and self-confidence (example: nicotine) |
| Nicotine | quickly addictive; + risk of dying; tolerance development/cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, pipe, tobacco, snuff, e-cigarettes/correlates with higher rates of depression, chronic disabilities, and divorce/withdrawal related to acute cravings, relapse |
| Physiological Effects of Nicotine | arouses the brain to increased alertness, increases heart rate + blood pressure, at high levels, releases muscles and triggers the release of neurotransmitters that may reduce stress, reduces circulation, suppresses appetite for carbohydrates |
| Examples of Stimulants | cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstasy (MMDA) |
| Hallucinogen Psychoactive Drug | distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in sensory input absence |
| Order of brain hallucinogens: | simple geometric forms, more meaningful images, feelings od separation from body, dreamlike scenes (like near-death experience) |
| Synthetic Psychoactive Drug | LSD and MDMA (Ecstasy) |
| Natural Psychoactive Drug | psilocybin and marijuana |
| Disordered Drug Use Biological Influences | genetic predispositions, variations in neurotransmitter systems |
| Disordered Drug Use Psychological Influences | lacking sense of purpose, significant stress, psychological disorders such as depression |
| Disordered Drug Use Social-cultural Influences | difficult environment, cultural acceptance of drug use, negative peer influences |
| Maslow's Hierarchy from bottom to top | physiological, safety, belonging + love, esteem, self-actualization |
| Theoretical physicist John Wheeler believed that | reality might not be a wholly physical phenomenon |
| Reality grows out of the act of _______, and thus consciousness itself. | observation |
| Consciousness is: | PARTICIPATORY |
| Consciousness is part of which section of Maslow's Hierarchy? | self-actualization |
| "We dance around the ring and suppose, the secret sits in the middle and knows" - Robert Frost. What is the secret? What do we suppose? | the flow of energy; we suppose everything (like that we live and then we die/history) |
| Who is Robert Frost? | old, deceased, American poet |
| Matter is not made of _______ | matter |
| Matter is a ________ ____ and a _________ ________ | metaphysical idea; human construct |
| Matter is the _________________________________________. | interpretation of perceptual activity |
| Consciousness both ___________________ and ________________. | creates the sound; hears the sound |
| Consciousness modifies ___________________ then ___________________________. | itself as experience; constructs space, time, matter, perception, and so on.... |
| What does Bruce Lee say when speaking of gung fu? | one exists within the other |
| Deepak Chopra | doctor and philosopher that believes there is only consciousness |
| The hard part of consciousness is not hard, it is: | how we make it/perceive it |
| How consciousness explains experience | no one knows |
| Wrong assumptions | world is physical + made of matter |
| Words are the ________ __________ of those who know how to use them | magical property |
| In the deeper body: | there is no space, universe, etc., there is only consciousness |
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