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Unit 9
Social Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | Scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| Social Cognition | Mental processes associated with the ways in which people percieve and react to others |
| Attribution Therapy | Process of explaining the causes of people's behavior, including one's own either by crediting the external situation or ones internal disposition |
| External Situation | External factors Ex: someone got good grades because they had good teachers and encouraging parents |
| Internal Disposition | Internal/personality factors Ex: Someone got good grades because they feel good when they do good in school |
| Fundemental Attribution Error | The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal (disposition) factors such as personal disposition (personality traits) |
| Self Serving Bias | Tendency to attribute one's success to internal factors and ones failures to external factors |
| False Concensus Effect | A cognitive bias whereby people tend to overestimate the extent to which their own opinions, beliefs, performance, values, and habits are normal and typical |
| Conformation Bias | A type of cognative bias where one tends to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms and strengthens their personal beliefs/hypothesis |
| Just-World Hypothesis | The cognative bias (or assumption) that our actions will inherrently bring due consequences (karma) |
| Halo Effect | The tendency of positive impressions of a person in one area to positively influence one's opition in other areas about that same person. |
| Attitudes | Beliefs that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events |
| Cognitive | Set of beliefs about attributes of an object |
| Elaboration Likelyhood Model (ELM) of persuasion | Describes changes of attitude |
| Central Route of Persuasion | Direct, attitude changes when interested people focus on the scientific evidence/ arguements and respond with favorable thoughts |
| Perioheral Route of Persuasion | Indirect, attitude changes when people make snap judgements on incidental cues like the attractiveness of a speaker |
| Foot in the Door Phenomenon | Tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply with a large one |
| Door in the Face Phenomenon | Ask first for a big favor, then after being turned down, the askee agrees that the request was too big and then asks for something smaller |
| Social Comparison Theory | Centers on the beliefs that we are driven to gain accurate self evaluations and that we gain accurate self evaluations by comparison of ourselves to others in order to reduce uncertanty in these unkown areas in which we are self-evaluating |
| Cognative Dissonance Theory | When people become more aware of the inconsistancies (dissonance) between their attitudes and behavior they become anxious and are motivated to make the consistant. |
| Bystander Effect | Individuals are less likely to offer help for a victem if there are other people present |
| Social Facilitation | Being in the presence of others improves individual task performance |
| Social Inhibition | A concious/subconcious avoidance of a situation or social interactions |
| Group Polarization | Tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members |
| Deindividualization | Loss of self awareness in groups/becoming so immersed in the norms of a group that you lose your sense of identity |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | Occurs when people who need to make a decision wait for someone else to act instead |
| In-Group Bias | Pattern of favoring one's group members over those out of group |
| Out-Group Bias | Tenedency to gave a dislike for people outside of one's own group |
| Reciprocity Norms | Social rule that people should return favors and other acts of kindness |
| Social Norms | Shared standards of unacceptable behavior by groups |
| Ethnicentrism | Evaluation of other cultures according to standards and customs of one's own culture |
| Superordinate Goals | Highest level of goals, refer to conceptualizations of one's self relationships or the society one's apart of |
| Mere-Exposure Effect | Tendency of people to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with it |
| Social Roles | Socailly defined patterns of behavior that are expected of persons in a given setting or group |
| Conformity/Chameleon effect | adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
| Normative Social Influence | Cause for conformity, want to avoid rejection or gain social approval so you respect group norms |
| Informative Social Influence | Cause for conformity, due to the fact that groups may provide valuable information, we want to accept the opinions of others |
| Compliance | Adjusting our behaviors because of an implicit or explicit request |
| Obedience | Change in behavior in response to a command of someone in a position of authority. |
| Social Delimas | Situations in which selfish behavior that benefits indivduals in the short run may spell disaster for an entire group in the long run |
| Group Think | way of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in decision making overrides other alternatives |
| Social Loafing | tendency for people in a group to exert less effort than when wokring individually |
| Scapegoat Theory | When predjudice is used as an outlet for anger by providing someone else to blame |
| Contact Hypothesis | Stereotypes and predjudice towards a group will diminish as contact with the group increases |
| Aggression | Refers to a range of behaviors that can result in both physical and psychological pain to yourself, others, objects, and your environment |
| Altruism | Unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
| Social Exchange Theory | The desicion to help another person is based on how much it will "cost" the person to help compared to how much it will help the person in need |
| Reciprocity Norm | The expectation that tells us to help others that have helped us |
| Social Responsibility Norm | Largely learned, norm that tells us to help others when they need us even though we might not be repayed |
| Empathy Altruistic Theory | People help fr fully altruistic reasons and are usually motivated by the desire to increase another person's wellbeing - empathy based |
| Evolutionary Theory | People help relatives because it will increase the chances that the helper genes will get passed on to future generations |
| Mere-Exposure Effect | Repeated exposure to stimuli increases one's liking of that item |
Created by:
Keira Shafer
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