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PSYC 275 final exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| gender and aggression according to evolutionary theory | Males behave aggressively to secure status, ensure paternity |
| Testosterone levels and violent crimes | Correlation between testosterone and greater aggression |
| relational aggression | Harm within relationships that is caused by covert bullying or manipulative behavior |
| Bandura’s “Bobo” doll study | We learn social behavior by observing and imitating others, children behaved aggressively after watching adults behave the same way |
| Alcohol consumption and aggression | Increases aggression, reduces inhibitions, disrupts information processing |
| hostile aggression | aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury |
| instrumental aggression | aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain |
| Pain, heat, discomfort | Can cause aggression, biological causes |
| weapons effect | the increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a weapon |
| guns, testosterone, and aggression | males who interacted the gun showed significantly greater increases in testosterone and hostility |
| using punishment to stop aggression | Threat of mild punishment is effective, child must justify their restraint leading to an attitude change |
| School shootings and social rejection | Shooters had been bullied and rejected by classmates lead to aggression |
| prejudice | a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group |
| Australian bus study | White testers twice as likely to be given a free ride than black testers (72% to 36%) |
| the law of least effort | Resistant to change on the basis of new information |
| microaggressions | verbal, behavioral, or environmental slights, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative attitudes toward marginalized groups |
| implicit racial bias in shooting game | Withheld fire equally for white men regardless of weapon, more trigger happy with black men leading to a higher level of errors with black unarmed men |
| stereotype threat | apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype |
| Minimal conditions for establishing in-group bias | Social categorization, social identification, social comparison |
| realistic conflict theory | Limited resources, leads to conflict among groups, leads to prejudice and discrimination |
| how stereotypes change | Counter-stereotypic imaging, individuation, reminder that abilities are malleable not fixed |
| Conditions under which contact situations reduce prejudice | Both groups are of equal status, both share a common goal, social norms support contact |
| detecting implicit bias | Activation of the amygdala, heart rate increases, bogus pipeline procedure, eye tracking methods |
| effects of stress on health | When people experience a major stressor, such as losing a loved one, experiencing a hurricane, or being forced to resettle in a new culture, their chance of dying increases |
| resilience | mild, transient reactions to stressful events, followed by a quick return to normal, healthy functioning |
| general adaptation syndrome | Alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| Gender differences in stress response per evolutionary psychology | Fight or flight in males, tend and befriend in females |
| fight or flight | Responding to stress by either attacking the source of the stress or fleeing from it |
| tend and befriend | Responding to stress with nurturant activities designed to protect oneself and one’s offspring (tending) and creating social networks that provide protection from threats (befriending) |
| coping strategies | Actions taken to minimize the effects of stressors, problem focused, emotion focused, avoidant |
| hormones and stress | Oxytocin (the bonding hormone) is released when under stress- associated with the desire to be close to other people, females experience this more because of the presence of estrogen |
| Eyewitness testimony and erroneous convictions | Most compelling evidence in court, leads to more wrongful convictions than any other evidence, errors due to flawed memory |
| Factors in eyewitness accuracy | Encoding and acquisition, storage and retrieval |
| own race bias | People are better at recognizing faces of their own race than those of other races |
| Loftus studies on leading questions and memory | All participants watched same car crash and were asked either how fast the cars were going when they smashed/hit each other, smashed group thought the cars were going faster |
| Procedures to increase accurate identification in a lineup | everyone in the lineup should resemble the witness’s description, keep pictures similar, ask witnesses how confident they are before the lineup |
| Eyewitness confidence and accuracy | Confidence not a good predictor of accuracy, confidence alone does not predict accuracy, speed plus confidence is the best |
| Story order of presenting evidence | When prosecutor used story order and defense used witness order: 78% voted to convict When prosecutor used witness order and the defense used story order: 31% voted to convict |
| false confessions | Instrumental-coerced, instrumental-voluntary, internalized-coerced, internalized-voluntary |
| Instrumental-coerced | falsely confesses under extreme pressure |
| Instrumental-voluntary | falsely confesses to achieve some goal |
| Internalized-coerced | suspect coerced into believing that they may have actually committed the crime |
| Internalized-voluntary | someone suffering from delusions confesses to a crime without pressure from interrogators |
| Conformity pressures in jury deliberations | 97% of the time the position favored by the majority at the beginning of the deliberations becomes the jury’s verdict |
| Loftus’s “lost in the mall” experiment; implications for criminal allegations based on recovered memories | Teens were told they once were lost in the mall and a security guard brought them to their parent, an entire false memory can be implanted by suggestion, used to discredit testimony |
| In general punishment is not effective at reducing aggression. To make punishment more effective at reducing aggression, it should be | B certain; immediate |
| Jennifer has four papers due in the next two weeks | A problem-focused |
| A 14 year old boy confesses to a crime that he knows he did not commit as a result of ten hours of intense interrogation. | A instrumental-coerced |
| Detecting implicit bias is challenging, In class you learned that we have physiological and behavioral reactions that suggests implicit bias is operating. | A increased heart rate when near someone of a different race B preschool teachers spend more eye tracking on black male children D out parasympathetic system activates when near someone of a different race |
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gillwags
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