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What is the primary survey?
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Helping ASAP
SWAST EMD Training Pack Refresher Section A: Part 2/3/4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary survey? | Designed to ensure that the most critically unwell patients are identified quickly, help is arrange and first aid is provided. |
| When is the primary survey relevant? | When a patient is in cardiac arrest and requires CPR and AED use, or whether the patient is alert with an illness or injury and requires assessment, monitoring and appropriate care. |
| How many cases of cardiac arrest does the ambulance service respond to annually? | 60,000 |
| In how many cases of cardiac arrest does the ambulance service attempt resuscitation? | Less than half (28,000) |
| The two main reasons why the ambulance service will not attempt resuscitation | 1. Victim has been dead for several hours, 2. CPR has not been attempted by a bystander ( so the patient is dead by the time the ambulance crew arrives) |
| In how many instances do patients survive and go home from hospital? | less than 1 in 10 victims |
| How can we double the chances of survival for cardiac arrest victims? | Preform CPR as early as possible, educate the public how to effectively preform CPR and increase the use of AEDs |
| What does AED stand for? | Automated External Defibrillators |
| What does CPR stand for? | cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) |
| What is the chain of survival? (4) | 1. early recognition and call for help 2. early CPR 3. Early Defibrillation 4. Post resuscitation care |
| 1Why is early recognition and calling for help important? | To prevent cardiac arrest |
| Why is early CPR important? | To buy time |
| Why is early Defibrillation important? | To restart the heart |
| Why is post resuscitation care important? | To restore quality of life |
| If untreated after an hour of the onset of chest pain, how many myocardial infraction (heart attack) patients will get a cardiac arrest | a quarter to a third |
| Immediate CPR from a bystander can improve survival (out-of-hospital) cardiac arrest by | double or quadruple |
| how many victims receive bystander CPR in the UK? | Only 40% |
| defibrillation within 3-5 minutes of collapse can produce survival rates of? | 50-70% |
| Each minute of delay to defibrillation reduces the probability of survival to hospital discharge by | 10% |
| How many victims of cardiac arrest have an AED deployed before the ambulance arrives? | only 2% |
| If initial attempts of resuscitation fail, what other advanced life support can be tried? | Airway management, drugs and the correction of causal factors |
| Why does a cardiac arrest occur? | The electrical system of the heart stops functioning unexpectedly |
| Why does a heart attack occur? | A blockage in a coronary artery interrupts blood flow to the working heart |
| Age range for cardiac arrest | Children, adults and the elderly |
| Age range for heart attacks | Usually people aged 35+ |
| What symptoms may be present before a cardiac arrest? | Heart palpitations, dizziness, chest pain or shortness of breath and loss of consciousness |
| What symptoms may be present before a heart attack? | Victims usually remain conscious and may experience chest, neck or left arm pain, shortness of breath, sweating or nausea. |
| What can a heart attack lead to? | A cardiac arrest |
| What does DRcABC stand for | Danger, Response, catastrophic bleeding Airway, Breathing, Call 999 |
| DRcABC : Danger - What to do? | Assess and control risks as far as reasonably practical. Consider the risks to yourself, the patient, the bystanders. Evaluate infection risk and use control measures to reduce risk |
| DRcABC: Response - What to do? | Asses the patients level of response when you: - Talk - Tap them - Give an instruction to open their eyes - Use the AVPU score |
| DRcABC: Response - Is the patient: | Alert? Responding to verbal communication? responding to pain? unresponsive? |
| DRcABC: Catastrophic Bleeding - What to do? | control the bleeding immediately. Apply pressure |
| DRcABC: Catastrophic Bleeding - What level is the bleed? (3) | Severe, Sustained, Uncontrolled |
| DRcABC: Airway - What to do? | open the airway - if the patient is awake they are likely to adopt a position that maintains breathing - Not awake: turn the patient onto their back - Place your hand on their forehead and tilt head back; fingertips under the chin, lift to open airway. |
| DRcABC: Breathing - What to do? | Look, listen and feel for abnormal breathing for no more than 10 seconds. At least2 full breaths |
| DRcABC: Call - What to do? | Ask a helper to call if possible or call them yourself before starting CPR on an adult. Stay with the patient while making a call if possible/ safe to Activate the speaker function on the phone to aid communication with the ambulance service |
| Levels of catastrophic bleeding: Severe | Obvious heavy bleeding, usually free flowing, may be described as pumping, pouring, spurting. |
| Levels of catastrophic bleeding: Sustained | The bleeding continues unless effectively managed. |
| Levels of catastrophic bleeding: Uncontrolled | The wound continues to bleed with initial treatment such as dressing application and elevation. |
| When to send for an AED | I you are alone, stay with the patient, if someone extra is able to, send them to get one. |
| History Taking, why is it important? | To enhance the information of the patients condition and to highlight potential risks you can ask further questions about the proceeding events and medical history. |
| The benefit of history taking? | Being able to find out specifics about a persons health to better care for their needs. E.g. Liver and kidney disease can lead to thinner blood that doesn't clot as well. |
| Acronym for history taking: SAMPLE | Signs and Symptoms Allergy Medication Past medical history Last meal Event proceeding |
| History Taking: Signs and Symptoms | - Look for signs and symptoms of injury - Ask the patient how they feel - Is there pain, can they describe the pain, location, what makes it better/ worse. |
| History Taking: Allergy | - Does that patient have any allergies? This could be a reason for the patients current illness, or allergies may affect future management of the patient |
| History Taking: Medication | - What medication does that patient take? - What is it for? - Have they self-administered medications according to the advice of their doctor? |
| History Taking: Past medical history | -Relevant medical history experienced? (medications help to identify previous conditions) - Experienced similar episodes before? What did they need to do to recover from it last time? - Any relevant family medical history related to the condition? |
| History Taking: Last meal | - When was their last intake of fluid / food? |
| History Taking: Event proceeding | - What was the occurrence prior to the patient becoming injured (MOI) or unwell? |
| Mechanism of Injury (MOI) | Refers to the method by which damage (trauma) has happened to the body. Healthcare professionals use MOI to help determine how likely it is that serious injury has occurred. |
| Example MOI questions: | What caused the fall, did you faint/ trip? Did you 'break the fall' with your outstretched hand? Do you have any other pain elsewhere? |
Created by:
paramedicscienceUK
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