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module 31
reading check
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Memory | the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. |
| recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. |
| recognition | a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. |
| relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again. |
| encoding | the process of getting information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning. |
| storage | the process of retaining encoded information over time. |
| retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage. |
| parallel processing | processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. |
| sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
| short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten. |
| long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. |
| working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. |
| explicit memories | retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare. |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. |
| implicit memories | retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. |
| chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. |
| mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
| spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. |
| testing effect | enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. |
| Shallow processing | encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words. |
| Deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention. |
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23ghaiduk
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