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Virology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Baltimore classification | Group I -> dsDNA (herpes, pox, adeno, papilloma), Group II -> ssDNA (parvo), Group III -> dsRNA (rota/reo), Group IV -> +ve ssRNA (picorna, flavi, corona), Group V -> -ve SSRNA (orthomyxo, filo, paramyxo, rhabdo), Group VI -> +ve ssRNA (retro) |
| DNA double/single stranded viruses | All ds except for parvovirus (ssDNA) |
| DNA linear viruses | All linear except for hepadna (incomplete circular) and papilloma/polyoma (supercoiled circular) |
| DNA enveloped viruses | All without envelope except for herpes/hepadna/poxvirus -> acquire envelopes from host nuclear membrane |
| DNA icosahedral capsid viruses | All have icosahedral capsids except for poxvirus (complex) |
| DNA virus replication location | All replicate in nucleus except for poxvirus (carries own DdRPol) |
| Parvovirus | Only ssDNA virus -> group II Baltimore -> B19 virus infecting canine RBCs |
| Papillomavirus | dsDNA -> skin/genitals -> synthesise factors to stimulate cell mitosis (dNTP increase) -> HPV 6/11 -> cell proliferation (warts), HPV 16/18 -> DNA/capsid protein synthesis but mitosis continues (cervical cancer) -> genetically engineered vaccine |
| Adenovirus | dsDNA -> respiratory tract -> synthesise factors to stimulate cell mitosis (dNTP increase) -> acute respiratory disease, pneumonia, conjunctivitis |
| Hepadnavirus | dsDNA -> genital, iatrogenic (blood transfusion) -> circular partially dsDNA -> reverse transcription but no integration -> HBV -> acute resolving jaundice, chronic at birth (90%) or children (10%), male > female, subunit vaccine against HBsAg |
| Herpesvirus | dsDNA -> respiratory tract, sexual contact -> synthesise factors to stimulate cell mitosis (dNTP increase) -> virally encoded enzyme expression (thymidine K, thymidylate K, ribont reductase - dNTP synthesis) |
| Poxvirus | dsDNA -> skin -> variola (small pox), vaccinia (milder smallpox) -> encode decapping enzymes (remove virus/host mRNA 5' caps), viral encoded enzyme expression, infected cell secretes EGF/B18, cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies |
| HHV-1 | dsDNA -> respiratory secretions/saliva -> temporal lobe encephalitis, latency in trigeminal ganglia (primary cold sores, reactivated cold sores) |
| HHV-2 | dsDNA -> sexual contact/perinatal -> herpes genitalis, neonatal herpes, viral meningitis |
| HHV-3 | dsDNA -> varicella-zoster virus -> respiratory secretion/vesicle fluid -> encephalitis, pneumonia, latency in dorsal root/trigeminal ganglia (primary chickenpox, reactivated shingles - post-herpetic neuralgia) -> CN V1 -> herpes zoster ophthalmicus |
| HHV-4 | dsDNA -> Epstein-Barr virus -> respiratory secretion, saliva -> infect B cells via CD21 (immune complex uptake/retention) -> secrete vIL-10 (Th2 and B cell production) -> mononucleosis (hepatosplenomegaly), lymphoma (Burkitt/nasopharyngeal carcinoma) |
| HHV-5 | dsDNA -> HCMV -> congenital, blood transfusion, sexual contact -> immunocompetent mononucleosis, immunocompromised infection (pneumonia, oesophagitis, 'owl eye' intranuclear inclusion bodies) |
| HHV-6/7 | dsDNA -> saliva -> roseola infantum -> high feveres -> seizures -> diffuse macular rash (trunk -> extremities) -> children <2 yrs |
| HHV-8 | dsDNA -> sexual contact -> Karposi sarcoma (endothelial neoplasm) -> HIV/AIDS/transplant patients -> dark violaceous plaques/nodules -> vascular proliferations |
| RNA double/single stranded viruses | All ss except for reovirus (dsDNA) |
| RNA -ve stranded viruses | Arenavirus, bunyavirus, paramyxovirus (parainfluenza, RSV respiratory synctial virus, measles, mumps), orthomyxovirus, filovirus, rhabdovirus, deltavirus |
| Which viral strands are infectious? | DNA genome and +ve RNA are infectious -> don't need host machinery, purified -ve RNA are non-infectious (need packaged RdRP) |
| RNA linear viruses | All linear except for arenavirus, bunyavirus, deltavirus |
| RNA virus replication location | All replicate in cytoplasm except for retro (HIV/visna) and influenza |
| RNA enveloped viruses | All enveloped except for reo, picorna, hepe, calcivirus |
| Picornavirus | +ve ssRNA -> alimentary canal, respiratory tract, orofaecal -> poliovirus, rhinovirus, HAV |
| Poliovirus | +ve ssRNA picornavirus -> orofaecal, respiratory tract -> protease cleaving cap binding complex component, RNA has IRES near 5' end -> detected by ribosomes and translated -> Salk (purified/inactivated) vaccine, Sabin (live-attenuated) vaccine |
| HAV | +ve ssRNA picornavirus -> orofaecal/direct contact -> infects oropharynx/intestine epithelial cells -> bloodstream -> hepatocyte/liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) -> acute jaundice (90% asymptomatic, 80% adults acute hepatitis), live attenuated vaccine |
| HBV | dsDNA hepadnavirus -> genital, iatrogenic (blood transfusion) circular partially dsDNA -> reverse transcription but no integration -> HBV -> acute resolving jaundice, chronic at birth (90%) or children (10%), male > female, subunit vaccine against HBsAg |
| HCV | +ve ssRNA flavivirus -> blood products, body fluids -> polyprotein w/ IRES + proteolytic cleavage -> acute infection, asymptomatic chronic infection >70% (10-20% cirrhosis, 1-5% cancer) -> no vaccine -> anti-viral drugs (NS2/3 proteases, NS5A/B RNA Pol) |
| HDV | -ve ssRNA deltavirus -> HBV coinfection (injection drug use, blood products) -> requires HBV for replication -> HBV vaccine effective treatment |
| HEV | +ve ssRNA hepevirus -> orofaecal -> high pregnancy mortality rate, cholestasis |
| Flavivirus | +ve ssRNA -> arbovirus, injection drug use -> HCV, yellow fever (Aedes) -> short liver damage, 1st vaccine, dengue (Aedes) -> 80% asymptomatic, West Nile (Aedes) -> menigoencephalitis, Zika (Aedes) -> pregnancy (fetal microcephaly), sexual contact |
| Rubella | +ve ssRNA togavirus -> arbovirus -> face rash to body -> swollen lymph nodes -> transmittable by respiratory system week before/after rash appearance |
| Retrovirus | +ve ssRNA (Baltimore VI) -> sexual contact, body fluid, pregnancy -> HIV, RSV -> produce spliced transcripts (tat/rev) |
| HIV | +ve ssRNA retrovirus -> gag p24 protein (target Ag for HIV protein-based diagnosis), diploid genome, HIV enzymes injected into cell, ribonuclease degrades vRNA PAMP -> AIDS (CD4+ cell count drop via CTL lysis -> recover -> severe drop, no vaccines |
| Enfurvitide | HIV antiviral drug -> biomimetic peptide binding to gp41 -> prevents formation of fusion pore |
| Azidothymidine | HIV antiviral drug -> thymidine analogue phosphorylated by cellular K -> incorporated into vDNA by v reverse transcriptase -> terminate chain growth |
| Saquinivir | HIV antiviral drug -> Gag protease inhibitor -> HIV remains immature -> prevent spread |
| Acyclovir | HSV antiviral drug -> nucleoside analogue -> not phosphorylated by cellular kinases by phosphorylated by HSV thymidine kinase -> NTP incorporated into vDNA by HSV DNA Pol -> chain termination -> selective for infected cells (virus TK and DNA Pol) |
| Orthomyxovirus | -ve ssRNA -> respiratory tract -> influenza -> 8RNA segments, HA/NA glycoproteins, M2 ion channel, virus RdRP PB1/2/PA packaged w/in virion -> nuclear replication -> influenza vaccine -> subunit/live-attenuated -> genetically engineered by growing virus i |
| Measles | -ve ssRNA paramyxovirus -> respiratory tract -> induces infected cell to fuse w/ surrounding uninfected cells -> Koplik's spots (oral cavity white spots), red rash (face) spreads to body (maculopapular), |
| Mumps | -ve ssRNA paramyxovirus -> respiratory tract -> 1/3 asymptomatic -> goitre (parotitis), deafness |
| Rhabdovirus | -ve ssRNA -> zoonosis, bite -> cytopathic effect -> Negri bodies in cerebellar Purkinje cells (DOPA producing neurons) -> encephalitis -> death |
| Filovirus | -ve ssRNA -> body fluids, blood products -> Ebola (fever -> diarhhoea -> decreased liver/kidney function -> haemorrhagic fever -> hypovolaemic shock) -> IV fluid treatment, Marburg haemorrhagic fever (similar to Ebola but no vaccines/antiviral treatment) |
| Amantadine | Influenza antiviral drug -> inhibits M2 ion channel -> prevents endosomic acidfication -> prevents capsid uncoating |
| Tamiflu | Influenza antiviral drug -> against NA -> prevent cleavage of host sialic acid -> prevent new virion release |
| Raltegravir | HIV antiviral drug -> inhibits integrase enzyme -> prevents viral dsDNA from being incorporated into host DNA |
Created by:
vykleung
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